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dominican republic

A Review of the Political History of the Dominican Republic

The purpose of this post is to guide investors and business owners looking to do business in the Dominican Republic. Thus, it is written from a business perspective. I strongly recommend the Dominican Republic as a jurisdiction for a fintech business or as a domestic and international banking center. 

The history of the Dominican Republic is rich and complex, with its political landscape marked by periods of dictatorship, civil unrest, democratic progress, and economic development. Here’s a more comprehensive historical overview:

Pre-Columbian and Early Colonial Period: The island, which the Dominican Republic shares with Haiti, was originally inhabited by the Taíno people. In 1492, Christopher Columbus arrived, marking the beginning of heavy Spanish influence. The capital, Santo Domingo, was established in 1496, becoming the oldest continuously inhabited European settlement in the Americas.

Late Colonial Period: The 17th century saw the decline of Spanish influence, and by the late 18th century, the French controlled the western part of the island (modern-day Haiti). The eastern part (the present Dominican Republic) was returned to Spanish rule.

Early 19th Century: In 1821, the eastern part of the island declared independence from Spain, but it was quickly taken over by Haiti. For 22 years, the entire island was unified under Haitian control.

1844: The Dominican Republic declared independence from Haiti, marking the beginning of the Dominican Republic as a separate entity. The early years were marked by political instability, with frequent changes in leadership and government structure.

Late 19th Century: The country faced economic problems and political instability, which led to brief annexation by Spain in 1861-1865. The rest of the century was marked by periods of civil war and political instability.

1930-1961: The Dominican Republic fell under the dictatorship of Rafael Trujillo. His rule, marked by repression and human rights abuses, was one of the longest and bloodiest in Latin American history. Trujillo was assassinated in 1961.

1960s: The post-Trujillo period was marked by political instability. In 1963, democratically elected president Juan Bosch was overthrown by a military coup, leading to a civil war in 1965. U.S. troops intervened, citing the risk of a communist takeover similar to that in Cuba.

1966-1996: Joaquín Balaguer, a political ally of Trujillo, was elected president in 1966. Balaguer’s rule was marked by repression of political opposition, but also by stability and economic development. Balaguer served as president for most of the period from 1966 to 1996.

1996-Present: Since 1996, the Dominican Republic has seen a series of peaceful transitions of power, marking progress towards democratic consolidation. The country has faced various challenges, including corruption, drug trafficking, and social inequality. However, it has also made significant economic progress, particularly in industries like tourism and telecommunications.

This is a broad overview of the Dominican Republic’s political history, and it doesn’t cover all the complexities and nuances. The purpose of this article is to give some political context to those interested in purchasing a bank in the country. 

Dominican Republic Relationships 

The Dominican Republic’s strategic location in the Caribbean and its growing economy have led it to foster various international relationships, making it an active participant in several regional and international organizations. Here’s a brief look at some of its key international relationships and memberships as follows:

China: The Dominican Republic established diplomatic relations with the People’s Republic of China in 2018, severing its official ties with Taiwan. This move was seen as a significant shift in the country’s foreign policy, recognizing China’s “One-China” policy. The Dominican Republic’s relationship with China focuses on economic cooperation, trade, investment, and infrastructure development. China has become an important trading partner and source of foreign direct investment for the Dominican Republic.

Central American Integration System (SICA): The Dominican Republic is an associate member of SICA, a regional bloc aiming to promote economic integration and political cooperation among Central American nations. As part of SICA, the Dominican Republic has an opportunity to increase regional trade, strengthen political ties, and collaborate on issues such as security, human rights, and environmental protection.

Caribbean Forum (CARIFORUM): The Dominican Republic is a member of CARIFORUM, which consists of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) member states and the Dominican Republic. CARIFORUM’s main function is to manage and coordinate relations between the Caribbean states and the European Union, particularly regarding economic cooperation and trade agreements.

Association of Caribbean States (ACS): As a member of the ACS, the Dominican Republic works with other Caribbean and Latin American nations to promote consultation, cooperation, and concerted action among all the countries of the Caribbean. The organization’s main areas of interest include trade, transport, sustainable tourism, and natural disaster risk reduction.

The Dominican Republic’s participation in these organizations reflects its commitment to regional integration, cooperation, and economic development. It also shows the country’s strategic approach to forging alliances and partnerships that can bolster its economic growth and political influence. However, like any country, the Dominican Republic must balance its international relationships with its national interests, a task that can sometimes be challenging.

Dominican Republic Currency and Central Bank

The currency of the Dominican Republic is the Dominican Peso, denoted by the symbol “RD$” or the code “DOP”. It is subdivided into 100 centavos. The Central Bank of the Dominican Republic (Banco Central de la República Dominicana, in Spanish) is responsible for issuing and managing the country’s currency.

The DOP is a free-floating currency, not a pegged currency. This means its exchange rate with other currencies, including the United States Dollar (USD), is determined by the foreign exchange market based on supply and demand factors, rather than being fixed to the value of another currency like the Eastern Caribbean (EC) Dollar is to the USD.

Over the years, the exchange rate between the Dominican Peso and the US Dollar has generally seen a gradual depreciation of the DOP. This means it takes more Dominican Pesos to buy one US Dollar over time. However, the rate of depreciation and the exact rates can fluctuate based on a variety of factors, including economic conditions in the Dominican Republic and the United States, monetary policy decisions by the respective central banks, and global economic factors.

While the Central Bank of the Dominican Republic doesn’t peg the DOP to the USD, it may intervene in the foreign exchange market to prevent excessive volatility in the DOP/USD exchange rate. This intervention can involve buying or selling US Dollars or other actions to influence the supply and demand for the two currencies.

The Central Bank plays a crucial role in the Dominican Republic’s economy, performing several essential functions:

  1. Monetary Policy: The Central Bank is responsible for formulating and implementing the country’s monetary policy with the goal of maintaining price stability. This typically involves managing interest rates and controlling the money supply to manage inflation and stabilize the economy.
  2. Currency Issuance: The Central Bank has the exclusive right to issue currency in the Dominican Republic. It is responsible for ensuring there is sufficient currency in circulation to meet the demands of the economy, while also managing the risk of inflation.
  3. Financial Stability: The Central Bank works to maintain the stability of the country’s financial system. This can involve acting as a lender of last resort to banks facing liquidity problems, overseeing payment systems, and monitoring economic indicators to identify potential threats to financial stability.
  4. Foreign Exchange Management: The Central Bank manages the country’s foreign exchange reserves and regulates the foreign exchange market. This can involve intervening in the foreign exchange market to stabilize the exchange rate of the Dominican Peso.
  5. Economic Research and Statistics: The Central Bank conducts economic research and publishes a range of economic and financial statistics. This information helps inform decision-making by government, businesses, and investors.

In summary, the Central Bank of the Dominican Republic plays a vital role in maintaining the stability of the country’s economy and financial system. Its actions can have significant impacts on issues such as inflation, economic growth, and the stability of the Dominican Peso.

Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic 

Santo Domingo, the capital of the Dominican Republic, is not only the largest city in the country but also one of the largest cities in the Caribbean region. The estimated population of Santo Domingo was around 3 million in the city proper, with over 4 million in the larger metropolitan area.

Santo Domingo plays a vital role in the Dominican Republic’s economy, contributing significantly to its GDP. The city is a hub of economic activity, with several key industries driving its economic growth:

Tourism: Santo Domingo is rich in historical and cultural sites, including the Zona Colonial (Colonial Zone), a UNESCO World Heritage site with buildings dating back to the 16th century. The city’s hotels, resorts, restaurants, and historical sites draw tourists from around the world, making tourism a significant contributor to the city’s economy.

Services Sector: The services sector, including finance, real estate, health care, and education, is a key economic driver. Santo Domingo hosts the headquarters of many banks and financial institutions. The city is also home to some of the country’s most important educational institutions and hospitals.

Trade and Commerce: Santo Domingo is a central hub for both domestic and international trade. Its location and infrastructure, including the Port of Haina, one of the busiest ports in the Caribbean, facilitate imports, exports, and commerce. Retail is also a significant part of the city’s economy.

Manufacturing and Industry: Santo Domingo and its surrounding areas host several industrial free zones, where goods are produced for export. Industries include textiles, pharmaceuticals, tobacco, and food processing.

Telecommunications and IT: The city is a center for telecommunications and information technology services in the Dominican Republic. Various national and international telecom and IT companies have their operations based in the city.

Construction and Real Estate: The real estate and construction sectors have seen significant growth, with numerous residential and commercial developments in recent years.

Given its role as the capital and its diverse economy, Santo Domingo plays a significant part in the Dominican Republic’s economic stability and growth. However, the city also faces challenges, such as traffic congestion, pollution, and social inequality.

Bermuda

Setting Up an International Bank in Bermuda

In this post, I’ll explain why I believe Bermuda is the best jurisdiction for an international bank in 2024 and what’s required to build an international bank in Bermuda. This is a relatively new jurisdiction, with only one completed case as of this writing. But, I expect big things from Bermuda and for them to compete with Puerto Rico for the top spot in international bank licenses. 

Bermuda Poised to Become Significant Financial Center with Coinbase and Jewel Bank

Bermuda is poised to become a significant financial center in the wake of the announcement that Coinbase, the largest cryptocurrency exchange in the world, is setting up a new office in the island nation. Coinbase’s decision to establish a presence in Bermuda is a major vote of confidence in the jurisdiction’s regulatory framework and its commitment to innovation.

In addition to Coinbase, Bermuda is also home to Jewel Bank, an international crypto bank that is licensed by the Bermuda Monetary Authority (BMA). Jewel Bank’s presence in Bermuda provides a safe and secure platform for institutional investors to access the cryptocurrency market.

The combination of Coinbase and Jewel Bank in Bermuda is a major development for the island nation and its financial services sector. These two companies represent the cutting edge of the cryptocurrency industry, and their presence in Bermuda will help to position the jurisdiction as a leading global hub for crypto finance.

Coinbase

Coinbase is a cryptocurrency exchange that was founded in 2012. The company is headquartered in San Francisco, California, and it has over 56 million users worldwide. Coinbase offers a variety of services, including the purchase, sale, and storage of cryptocurrencies.

In January 2023, Coinbase announced that it would be opening a new office in Bermuda and received the license in April of 2023. The office will be staffed by a team of engineers, compliance professionals, and customer support staff. Coinbase’s decision to establish a presence in Bermuda is a major vote of confidence in the jurisdiction’s regulatory framework and its commitment to innovation.

Jewel Bank

Jewel Bank is an international crypto bank that was founded in 2018. The company is headquartered in Bermuda, and it is licensed by the BMA. Jewel Bank offers a variety of services, including the custody of cryptocurrencies, the issuance of crypto-backed loans, and the provision of crypto-related investment products.

Jewel Bank’s presence in Bermuda provides a safe and secure platform for institutional investors to access the cryptocurrency market. The company’s custody services are regulated by the BMA, and its crypto-backed loans are backed by physical gold. Jewel Bank’s investment products are designed to provide exposure to the cryptocurrency market without the need to hold cryptocurrencies directly.

The Future of Finance in Bermuda

The combination of Coinbase and Jewel Bank in Bermuda is a major development for the island nation and its financial services sector. These two companies represent the cutting edge of the cryptocurrency industry, and their presence in Bermuda will help to position the jurisdiction as a leading global hub for crypto finance.

Bermuda has a number of advantages that make it an attractive destination for crypto businesses. The jurisdiction has a stable political environment, a strong legal system, and a well-developed financial infrastructure. Bermuda is also a member of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), which is an international organization that sets standards for combating money laundering and terrorist financing.

The arrival of Coinbase and Jewel Bank in Bermuda is a major step forward for the jurisdiction’s financial services sector. These two companies will help to attract other crypto businesses to Bermuda, and they will help to position the jurisdiction as a leading global hub for crypto finance.

Bermuda: An Excellent Jurisdiction to Set Up an International Bank

Bermuda is a British Overseas Territory located in the Atlantic Ocean. It is a popular destination for international businesses, including banks. The Bermuda Monetary Authority (BMA) is the regulatory body for banks in Bermuda.

There are several reasons why Bermuda is an excellent jurisdiction to set up an international bank. These include:

  • Stable and politically independent jurisdiction

Bermuda is a stable and politically independent jurisdiction. It has a long history of democracy and rule of law. This makes it a safe and secure place to do business.

  • Strong legal system

Bermuda has a strong legal system based on English common law. This provides businesses with a high level of legal certainty.

  • Well-developed financial infrastructure

Bermuda has a well-developed financial infrastructure. This includes a sophisticated payments system, a deep pool of capital, and a highly skilled workforce.

  • Member of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF)

Bermuda is a member of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), which is an international organization that sets standards for combating money laundering and terrorist financing. This demonstrates Bermuda’s commitment to fighting financial crime.

  • Low tax rate

Bermuda has a low tax rate. This can save businesses money on their tax expenses.

  • Professional and experienced regulator

The BMA is a professional and experienced regulator. It is committed to ensuring that banks in Bermuda are safe and sound.

Overall, Bermuda is an excellent jurisdiction to set up an international bank. It offers a number of advantages, including a stable political environment, a strong legal system, a well-developed financial infrastructure, and a low tax rate.

Requirements to Set Up a Bank in Bermuda

Bermuda is a British Overseas Territory located in the Atlantic Ocean. It is a popular destination for international businesses, including banks. The Bermuda Monetary Authority (BMA) is the regulatory body for banks in Bermuda.

To set up a bank in Bermuda, you must meet the following requirements:

  • You must be a company incorporated in Bermuda.
  • You must have a minimum paid-up capital of $10 million.
  • You must have a board of directors that is composed of at least three Bermudian citizens or residents.
  • You must have a management team that has experience in the banking industry.
  • You must submit an application to the BMA and meet all of the BMA’s requirements.

The application process for a bank license in Bermuda can take several months. The BMA will review your application and conduct an on-site inspection of your proposed bank. If the BMA approves your application, you will be granted a bank license.

Once you have a bank license, you can begin operating your bank in Bermuda. You will be subject to the BMA’s regulations and supervision. The BMA is responsible for ensuring that banks in Bermuda are safe and sound.

If you are considering setting up a bank, Bermuda is a good option to consider. The BMA is a professional and experienced regulator, and Bermuda offers a number of benefits for businesses. You’ll find it an excellent alternative to Puerto Rico.

Contact Information

For more information about setting up a bank in Bermuda, you can review the Bermuda Monetary Authority website at: https://www.bma.bm/. We will be happy to assist you to form an international bank in Bermuda. For more information, please contact me at info@premieroffshore.com.

In this post, I’ll explain why I believe Bermuda is the best jurisdiction for an international bank in 2024 and what’s required to build an international bank in Bermuda. This is a relatively new jurisdiction, with only one completed case as of this writing. But, I expect big things from Bermuda and for them to compete with Puerto Rico for the top spot in international bank licenses. 

Bermuda Poised to Become Significant Financial Center with Coinbase and Jewel Bank

Bermuda is poised to become a significant financial center in the wake of the announcement that Coinbase, the largest cryptocurrency exchange in the world, is setting up a new office in the island nation. Coinbase’s decision to establish a presence in Bermuda is a major vote of confidence in the jurisdiction’s regulatory framework and its commitment to innovation.

In addition to Coinbase, Bermuda is also home to Jewel Bank, an international crypto bank that is licensed by the Bermuda Monetary Authority (BMA). Jewel Bank’s presence in Bermuda provides a safe and secure platform for institutional investors to access the cryptocurrency market.

The combination of Coinbase and Jewel Bank in Bermuda is a major development for the island nation and its financial services sector. These two companies represent the cutting edge of the cryptocurrency industry, and their presence in Bermuda will help to position the jurisdiction as a leading global hub for crypto finance.

Coinbase

Coinbase is a cryptocurrency exchange that was founded in 2012. The company is headquartered in San Francisco, California, and it has over 56 million users worldwide. Coinbase offers a variety of services, including the purchase, sale, and storage of cryptocurrencies.

In January 2023, Coinbase announced that it would be opening a new office in Bermuda and received the license in April of 2023. The office will be staffed by a team of engineers, compliance professionals, and customer support staff. Coinbase’s decision to establish a presence in Bermuda is a major vote of confidence in the jurisdiction’s regulatory framework and its commitment to innovation.

Jewel Bank

Jewel Bank is an international crypto bank that was founded in 2018. The company is headquartered in Bermuda, and it is licensed by the BMA. Jewel Bank offers a variety of services, including the custody of cryptocurrencies, the issuance of crypto-backed loans, and the provision of crypto-related investment products.

Jewel Bank’s presence in Bermuda provides a safe and secure platform for institutional investors to access the cryptocurrency market. The company’s custody services are regulated by the BMA, and its crypto-backed loans are backed by physical gold. Jewel Bank’s investment products are designed to provide exposure to the cryptocurrency market without the need to hold cryptocurrencies directly.

The Future of Finance in Bermuda

The combination of Coinbase and Jewel Bank in Bermuda is a major development for the island nation and its financial services sector. These two companies represent the cutting edge of the cryptocurrency industry, and their presence in Bermuda will help to position the jurisdiction as a leading global hub for crypto finance.

Bermuda has a number of advantages that make it an attractive destination for crypto businesses. The jurisdiction has a stable political environment, a strong legal system, and a well-developed financial infrastructure. Bermuda is also a member of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), which is an international organization that sets standards for combating money laundering and terrorist financing.

The arrival of Coinbase and Jewel Bank in Bermuda is a major step forward for the jurisdiction’s financial services sector. These two companies will help to attract other crypto businesses to Bermuda, and they will help to position the jurisdiction as a leading global hub for crypto finance.

Bermuda: An Excellent Jurisdiction to Set Up an International Bank

Bermuda is a British Overseas Territory located in the Atlantic Ocean. It is a popular destination for international businesses, including banks. The Bermuda Monetary Authority (BMA) is the regulatory body for banks in Bermuda.

There are several reasons why Bermuda is an excellent jurisdiction to set up an international bank. These include:

  • Stable and politically independent jurisdiction

Bermuda is a stable and politically independent jurisdiction. It has a long history of democracy and rule of law. This makes it a safe and secure place to do business.

  • Strong legal system

Bermuda has a strong legal system based on English common law. This provides businesses with a high level of legal certainty.

  • Well-developed financial infrastructure

Bermuda has a well-developed financial infrastructure. This includes a sophisticated payments system, a deep pool of capital, and a highly skilled workforce.

  • Member of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF)

Bermuda is a member of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), which is an international organization that sets standards for combating money laundering and terrorist financing. This demonstrates Bermuda’s commitment to fighting financial crime.

  • Low tax rate

Bermuda has a low tax rate. This can save businesses money on their tax expenses.

  • Professional and experienced regulator

The BMA is a professional and experienced regulator. It is committed to ensuring that banks in Bermuda are safe and sound.

Overall, Bermuda is an excellent jurisdiction to set up an international bank. It offers a number of advantages, including a stable political environment, a strong legal system, a well-developed financial infrastructure, and a low tax rate.

Requirements to Set Up a Bank in Bermuda

Bermuda is a British Overseas Territory located in the Atlantic Ocean. It is a popular destination for international businesses, including banks. The Bermuda Monetary Authority (BMA) is the regulatory body for banks in Bermuda.

To set up a bank in Bermuda, you must meet the following requirements:

  • You must be a company incorporated in Bermuda.
  • You must have a minimum paid-up capital of $10 million.
  • You must have a board of directors that is composed of at least three Bermudian citizens or residents.
  • You must have a management team that has experience in the banking industry.
  • You must submit an application to the BMA and meet all of the BMA’s requirements.

The application process for a bank license in Bermuda can take several months. The BMA will review your application and conduct an on-site inspection of your proposed bank. If the BMA approves your application, you will be granted a bank license.

Once you have a bank license, you can begin operating your bank in Bermuda. You will be subject to the BMA’s regulations and supervision. The BMA is responsible for ensuring that banks in Bermuda are safe and sound.

If you are considering setting up a bank, Bermuda is a good option to consider. The BMA is a professional and experienced regulator, and Bermuda offers a number of benefits for businesses. You’ll find it an excellent alternative to Puerto Rico.

Contact Information

For more information about setting up a bank in Bermuda, you can review the Bermuda Monetary Authority website at: https://www.bma.bm/. We will be happy to assist you to form an international bank in Bermuda. For more information, please contact me at info@premieroffshore.com.

bank risks

The Risks of Buying a Bank

Buying a bank can be a lucrative investment, but it is important to be aware of the risks involved. Some of the most common risks associated with buying a bank include:

  • Loan book risks. The loan book is the collection of all of the loans that a bank has made. If the loan book is full of bad loans, the bank could face significant losses. It is important to carefully review the loan book before buying a bank to make sure that it is not too risky.
  • Regulatory risks. Banks are subject to a wide range of regulations. If a bank is not in compliance with these regulations, it could face fines or other penalties. It is important to carefully review the bank’s compliance history before buying it to make sure that it is not at risk of being fined.
  • Prior transaction risks. Banks often engage in a variety of transactions, including mergers and acquisitions, securities underwriting, and investment banking. If a bank has engaged in any risky transactions in the past, these transactions could pose a risk to the bank’s future. It is important to carefully review the bank’s prior transaction history before buying it to make sure that it is not at risk of being sued or facing other legal problems.

In addition to these risks, there are a number of other risks that could be associated with buying a bank. These risks can vary depending on the specific bank that is being bought. It is important to carefully consider all of the risks involved before buying a bank.

Here are some additional risks that buyers of banks should be aware of:

  • Financial market risk. Banks are exposed to a variety of financial market risks, such as interest rate risk, currency risk, and commodity price risk. These risks can cause the value of the bank’s assets and liabilities to fluctuate, which could lead to losses.
  • Operational risk. Banks are also exposed to operational risk, which is the risk of losses arising from human error, system failures, or natural disasters. Operational risk can be difficult to manage and can lead to significant losses.
  • Strategic risk. Banks can also face strategic risk, which is the risk of losses arising from poor strategic decisions. Strategic risk can be difficult to assess and can lead to significant losses.

Buying a bank is a complex and risky undertaking. It is important to carefully consider all of the risks involved before making a decision to buy a bank. For assistance in purchasing a bank, feel free to contact me at info@premieroffshore.com 

Credit Card Issing and Fintech Transaction Rules

Credit Card Issing and Fintech Transaction Rules

In this post, I will consider why card issuers and certain fintech businesses have compliance requirements and how those KYC and AML rules translate to transaction monitoring rules within the core system or compliance system. The focus of this post is on anti-money laundering and related transaction rules. 

Know Your Customer (KYC) and Anti-Money Laundering (AML) rules are important components of regulatory compliance for financial institutions, including those issuing virtual prepaid credit cards. Here is some sample transaction rules a company might use to meet KYC and AML obligations:

  1. Customer Identification Program (CIP): Every customer must be properly identified before a virtual prepaid card is issued. This requires collecting, at minimum, the customer’s full legal name, birth date, address, and identification number (like a Social Security number or passport number).
  2. Identity Verification: After collecting this information, it must be verified through reliable means. This can include checking the provided information against databases or asking for additional documentation like a scanned passport or utility bill.
  3. Risk-Based Verification: Customers who are likely to pose a higher risk of money laundering or terrorist financing may require enhanced due diligence, which can involve collecting more detailed information about their personal background, sources of funds, and intended use of the prepaid card.
  4. Ongoing Monitoring: After a card has been issued, its usage must be monitored for suspicious activity. This can include transactions that are unusually large, frequent, or inconsistent with the customer’s normal behavior.
  5. Transaction Limits: To reduce the risk of money laundering, virtual prepaid card issuers may set limits on the amount that can be loaded onto a card at any one time, or the total amount that can be transacted within a certain period.
  6. Reporting Suspicious Activity: If suspicious activity is detected, the card issuer has a duty to report this to the relevant authorities in a timely manner. This typically involves filing a Suspicious Activity Report (SAR).
  7. Record Keeping: Detailed records of all customer information, transactions, and any actions taken in response to suspicious activity must be kept for a certain period, usually five years.
  8. Sanctions Screening: The issuer must ensure that neither the customer nor the recipients of any funds from the card are on any government sanctions lists.
  9. Privacy and Data Security: All collected customer information must be stored securely to protect against data breaches. There should be policies in place to ensure that customer data is only used for the purposes it was collected for and is shared only with authorized entities.
  10. Regular Audits: Internal or external audits should be conducted periodically to ensure that all KYC and AML procedures are being followed, and to identify any areas where improvements can be made.

Please note that these are just samples and the actual rules may differ depending on the jurisdiction the company is operating in, as well as other factors. Always consult with a legal expert or a compliance officer when designing or updating your KYC and AML policies. You can reach us at info@premieroffshore.com 

Criminals can use credit cards in several ways to launder money:

  1. Credit Card Factoring: A common method involves setting up a shell company (a company that exists only on paper and has no office and no employees) and using it to process credit card transactions for non-existent goods and services. The shell company can then pass off these transactions as legitimate business income.
  2. Cash Withdrawals: Criminals can use credit cards to withdraw cash at ATMs, especially in foreign jurisdictions, to obscure the origin of the funds.
  3. Purchase and Resale: Individuals may use a credit card to purchase high-value items (like electronics, jewelry, etc.) and then sell these items to generate “clean” cash. This method allows the laundering of money through legitimate commercial transactions.
  4. Overpayment Fraud: This method involves the criminal intentionally overpaying on the credit card, then requesting a refund from the credit card company. The refund is then returned as a check, which can be deposited into a bank account, effectively converting illicit cash into seemingly legitimate funds.
  5. Gift Cards and Prepaid Cards: Criminals can purchase gift cards or prepaid cards using a credit card. These cards can then be sold for cash or used to purchase goods, thus obfuscating the source of the funds.
  6. Balance Transfers: By continuously transferring balances between different credit cards owned by the same individual or different individuals, money launderers can make it difficult for authorities to track the source of funds.
  7. Collusion with a Merchant: Criminals can also collude with corrupt merchants to carry out fraudulent transactions. The merchant will charge the credit card for non-existent goods or services, and after deducting a commission, transfer the rest of the funds back to the criminal.

These methods are illegal and can lead to severe penalties for the card issuer or fintech that allows the transaction through. Credit card companies and financial institutions must have systems in place to identify and prevent such activities, such as transaction monitoring systems, KYC procedures, and real-time fraud detection algorithms.

Money laundering involves making illegally-gained proceeds appear legal, a process typically accomplished through a three-step process: Placement, Layering, and Integration. Criminals have developed various methods to launder money using credit cards. Here’s how it could happen:

  1. Placement: The initial stage of money laundering where illicit money is introduced into the financial system. With credit cards, this can happen in a few ways:
    • A criminal could use a stolen or counterfeit credit card to purchase goods and then resell them for cash.
    • Fraudulently obtained credit cards could also be used to purchase other forms of monetary instruments, such as gift cards or prepaid cards, which can later be sold or used without leaving a direct link back to the criminal.
  2. Layering: This is the process of creating complex layers of financial transactions to disguise the audit trail and provide anonymity. In the context of credit cards:
    • The criminal might use the card to make numerous small purchases or cash withdrawals across different locations and businesses to obscure the source of funds.
    • They might also use the card to purchase items online, further complicating the trail because these transactions could involve multiple jurisdictions.
  3. Integration: This is the final stage where the ‘cleaned’ money is mixed with legally obtained money. With credit cards:
    • The criminal might operate a fake business and process false transactions using the credit card, making the money appear as legitimate earnings.
    • They might also use a legitimate business to charge the credit card for non-existent goods or services, then present this as legitimate income.

It’s important to note that financial institutions, card issuers, and fintech’s are well aware of these tactics, and have measures in place to detect and prevent such activities. These include monitoring for suspicious transaction patterns, implementing strong KYC and AML procedures, and reporting suspicious activities to the authorities.

Credit card transaction rules are guidelines or protocols established by credit card companies to detect and prevent fraudulent transactions, ensure regulatory compliance, and enhance customer security. Here are some common credit card transaction rules:

  1. Daily Spending Limit: To prevent fraudulent transactions, a daily spending limit is often set. If transactions exceed this limit, they may be denied until the cardholder confirms the transactions are genuine.
  2. Geographical Restrictions: Transactions made in unfamiliar locations or foreign countries may be flagged or blocked, especially if the cardholder hasn’t notified the card issuer about their travel plans.
  3. Frequency of Transactions: If there’s a sudden increase in the frequency of transactions, it could indicate fraudulent activity. The card issuer may block further transactions until they can confirm the activity with the cardholder.
  4. Unusual Purchase Patterns: If a transaction or series of transactions deviate significantly from the cardholder’s typical spending habits, they might be flagged as potentially fraudulent.
  5. Online and Card-Not-Present Transactions: These types of transactions can be riskier than in-person transactions, and may be subject to additional security measures, like requiring the cardholder to enter a CVV number.
  6. Incorrect Personal Information: If a transaction is attempted with incorrect personal information (e.g., wrong billing address or zip code), the transaction may be declined.
  7. Large Purchases: Large purchases may be flagged or blocked, especially if they’re inconsistent with the cardholder’s typical spending behavior.
  8. Suspicious Merchant Categories: Transactions with certain types of merchants (e.g., gambling websites or cryptocurrency exchanges) may be flagged or blocked due to the higher risk of fraud or regulatory compliance issues.
  9. Multiple Declined Transactions: If multiple transactions are declined in a short period of time, the card may be temporarily blocked to prevent potential fraud.

These rules help credit card issuers manage risk and protect customers from fraud. However, they’re not foolproof, and cardholders should always monitor their accounts for suspicious activity.

Transaction Rules for Credit Card Issuers and Fintech Companies:

  1. Account Opened, Maxed, and Closed: This rule will alert when the cardholder loads and uses the card up to the balance and then closes the account quickly. There should be a min value such as $5,000.  
  2. High-Risk Jurisdiction Transactions: This rule will alert any transactions that are conducted with high-risk jurisdictions, including those known for high levels of corruption, organized crime, or terrorist activity.
  3. Frequent Small Transactions: This rule will alert when there are frequent small transactions that, collectively, account for a substantial sum. This could be an indication of “structuring” or “smurfing,” techniques often used to evade reporting requirements.
  4. Rapid Movement of Funds: This rule alerts when there is rapid movement of funds from one account to another, or across multiple accounts. This could be indicative of layering, a money laundering technique.
  5. Transactions Just Below Reporting Threshold: This rule will alert transactions that are just below the reporting threshold set by the regulatory bodies. This could be an attempt to evade detection.
  6. Inconsistent Transaction Activity: This rule alerts when the transaction pattern significantly deviates from a customer’s usual behavior or expected transaction pattern.
  7. Round Dollar Transactions: This rule alerts when transactions are made in round numbers (e.g., $1000, $5000), especially when they occur frequently. Criminals often use round numbers for simplicity.
  8. Transactions Matching Sanctioned Lists: This rule will alert any transactions associated with individuals, organizations, or countries that appear on national and international sanctions lists.
  9. Cash Advances: This rule will alert frequent or large cash advances, which could indicate an attempt to obtain cash for illicit purposes.
  10. Multiple Cards to the Same Address: This rule alerts when multiple cards are issued to the same address. This could be a sign of a fraud or identity theft operation.
  11. Transactions with High-Risk Businesses: This rule will alert transactions with businesses known to be high-risk for money laundering, such as casinos, pawn shops, or shell companies.
  12. Non-Resident Transactions: This rule will alert when transactions occur frequently from non-residents, especially from high-risk jurisdictions.
  13. High Number of Declined Transactions: This rule will alert when a customer has a high number of declined transactions, which could indicate fraudulent activity.
  14. Unusual E-commerce Transactions: This rule alerts when there are unusual e-commerce transactions, such as frequent purchases from a single online vendor, which could be indicative of fraudulent activity.
  15. Inconsistent Shipping Information: This rule alerts when the shipping address frequently changes or doesn’t match the customer’s known address. This could be a sign of fraud.
  16. Sudden Increase in Credit Card Usage: This rule will alert when there is a sudden spike in credit card usage, which could indicate that the card has been compromised.
  17. Transactions at Odd Hours: This rule will alert when transactions are conducted at odd hours, inconsistent with the cardholder’s known behavior.
  18. Large Purchases or Withdrawals: This rule will alert any large purchases or cash withdrawals that are unusual based on the customer’s profile and transaction history.
  19. Transactions Involving Cryptocurrency Exchanges: This rule will alert when transactions are made to or from cryptocurrency exchanges, as these can sometimes be used to launder money.
  20. Use of the Card After a Long Period of Inactivity: This rule will alert when a card that hasn’t been used for a long period suddenly becomes active. This could indicate that the card has been compromised.
  21. Frequent Address Changes: This rule alerts when there are frequent changes to the cardholder’s registered address, which could be indicative of identity theft or fraud.
  22. Sequential Card Numbers: This rule will alert when multiple cards are issued with sequential numbers, which could indicate a mass production of fake cards.
  23. Card Not Present Transactions: This rule alerts when there are frequent or large ‘card not present’ transactions, which could suggest fraudulent online or phone purchases.
  24. Multiple Transactions at One Vendor: This rule will alert when there are multiple transactions at one vendor in a short amount of time, which may suggest either a system error or a fraudulent activity.
  25. Overseas Transactions: This rule alerts when a card is used in a foreign country, especially if the cardholder has not reported traveling.
  26. ATM Withdrawals in Multiple Locations: This rule alerts when frequent ATM withdrawals are made in different locations in a short time period, which could indicate the card is cloned.
  27. Multiple Declined Authorization Attempts: This rule will alert when there are multiple declined authorization attempts, which may suggest either a stolen card or a testing of a cloned card.
  28. High-Risk MCC Codes: This rule alerts when there are transactions associated with Merchant Category Codes (MCC) known to be high-risk for fraud or money laundering.
  29. Transaction Volume and Frequency: This rule will alert when a card’s transaction volume or frequency significantly deviates from its usual patterns.
  30. Out-of-pattern Transactions: This rule alerts when transactions are inconsistent with the customer’s established patterns, such as purchases from vendors they haven’t used before.
  31. Multiple Cards Associated with the Same Identity: This rule will alert when multiple cards are issued to the same person, which could be indicative of identity theft.
  32. Same Card Used with Different Merchants Simultaneously: This rule will alert when the same card is used simultaneously at different merchant locations.
  33. Credit Refunds: This rule will alert when there are frequent or large credit refunds to a card, which could indicate return fraud or ‘overpayment’ scams.
  34. Inactivity Followed by High Activity: This rule will alert when a period of card inactivity is followed by a surge of high-value transactions.
  35. Purchases of Gift Cards or Other Monetary Instruments: This rule alerts when the card is used frequently to purchase other cash-like monetary instruments, which could be a money laundering technique.
  36. Unusual Payments to Government Entities: This rule alerts when there are unusual payments to government entities, which could suggest an attempt to hide illicit funds.
  37. Transactions from Unrecognized Devices or IP addresses: This rule will alert when transactions are made from devices or IP addresses that are not recognized or commonly used by the customer.
  38. Duplicate Transactions: This rule alerts when two or more transactions have the same amount, date, and merchant, which could indicate a system error or fraud.
  39. Transactions in Non-Customer’s Regular Geo-Location: This rule alerts when the card is used in a location that is not part of the customer’s regular geographical pattern.
  40. Mismatch between Shipping and Billing Address: This rule alerts when the shipping address for a purchase does not match the billing address of the cardholder.
  41. Multiple Credit Cards Used on a Single Device/IP: This rule alerts when multiple cards are used on a single device or IP address, which could suggest card testing or fraudulent activity.

Again, these rules should be adapted and refined based on the specific requirements of the institution, local regulations, and the evolving risk environment. You can reach us at info@premieroffshore.com if you are interested in hiring us to build your compliance program and system. 

building a fintech crypto card issuing business

Building a Compliance Program for a Fintech, Crypto, or Credit Card Issuing Business

In this post, I will review how to build a compliance program for a new or startup fintech, crypto, or credit card issuing business. Most startups focus on tech, testing, and finding customers in the early days. But, a complete compliance program should be the first thing a fintech, crypto, or credit card issuing business should build because this governs onboarding and nearly all aspects of the business. 

Also, your compliance program and documents are the keys to maintaining good relations with your bank, brokerage, exchange, processor, or issuer. Many providers will open an account with minimal documents. But, once you begin transacting, they will ask all kinds of questions. If you don’t have a compliance program in place, your fintech, crypto, or credit card issuing business will be paused or closed until you can build a proper compliance program. 

Building the Program – First Steps

Building a compliance program for a credit card issuing company requires adherence to various regulatory requirements, including those from payment networks like MasterCard and Visa, as well as complying with Know Your Customer (KYC) and Anti-Money Laundering (AML) policies. Here is an overview of the process:

  1. Understand MasterCard and Visa requirements: Both MasterCard and Visa have their own set of rules and regulations for credit card issuers. These may include guidelines on transaction processing, chargeback management, fraud prevention, data security, and reporting. Review the MasterCard Rules and the Visa Core Rules and Visa Product and Service Rules to familiarize yourself with their requirements.
  2. Develop internal policies and procedures: Create comprehensive internal policies and procedures that adhere to MasterCard and Visa requirements, as well as applicable federal and state laws and regulations. This may include policies for card issuance, underwriting, account management, billing, dispute resolution, and fraud management.
  3. Implement a KYC program: A robust KYC program should include customer identification procedures, risk-based customer due diligence, and ongoing monitoring of customer transactions. Ensure that your program aligns with applicable KYC regulations and industry best practices.
  4. Implement an AML program: Develop an AML program that includes risk-based customer due diligence, transaction monitoring, suspicious activity reporting, record-keeping, and employee training. Ensure that your program complies with applicable AML regulations, such as the Bank Secrecy Act (BSA) and the USA PATRIOT Act.
  5. Establish a Compliance Management System (CMS): A CMS is a formalized system for managing compliance within the organization. It should include components like compliance policies and procedures, a compliance officer, employee training, and monitoring and corrective action processes.
  6. Develop a data security program: Implement a data security program that complies with the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS) and any applicable data privacy regulations, such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) or the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA).
  7. Train employees: Train employees on your compliance program, policies, and procedures. Regularly update training materials to ensure that employees stay informed about regulatory changes and industry best practices.
  8. Monitor and audit: Regularly monitor and audit your compliance program to identify any gaps or areas for improvement. Implement corrective actions as necessary to maintain compliance with all applicable regulations and requirements.

Creating a compliance program for a credit card issuer is similar to creating a compliance program for a bank in several ways:

  • Both require adherence to federal and state regulations, as well as KYC and AML policies.
  • Both need to establish a CMS to manage compliance within the organization.
  • Both require employee training to ensure understanding of and adherence to the compliance program.
  • Both need to conduct regular monitoring and audits to maintain compliance with applicable regulations and requirements.

However, credit card issuers must also comply with the specific rules and regulations set forth by payment networks like MasterCard and Visa, as well as adhere to the PCI DSS for data security.

Building a Program – Toolbox

A robust compliance program for a credit card issuer should include various tools and resources to ensure adherence to regulatory requirements and mitigate risks. Some common and popular compliance tools include:

  1. Compliance Management System (CMS): A CMS is a centralized platform to manage, track, and report on all aspects of the organization’s compliance program. It can help automate and streamline processes, such as policy management, risk assessment, training, and reporting.
  2. Risk Assessment Tools: Risk assessment tools can help identify, assess, and prioritize risks associated with credit card issuing activities. These tools may include questionnaires, checklists, or software solutions designed to assess risks in areas like fraud, AML, and data security.
  3. Policy Management Software: Policy management software can be used to create, maintain, and distribute internal policies and procedures related to credit card issuing operations. This software typically includes version control, approval workflows, and audit trails to ensure consistency and compliance with regulations.
  4. Transaction Monitoring System: A transaction monitoring system can be used to detect suspicious activities, potential fraud, and other risks related to credit card transactions. This may involve rule-based systems or machine learning algorithms to analyze transaction data and generate alerts for further investigation.
  5. Fraud Detection Tools: Fraud detection tools, such as artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning algorithms, can help identify patterns indicative of fraudulent activities. They may be used to analyze transaction data, monitor user behavior, and identify potential risks in real time.
  6. Know Your Customer (KYC) and Customer Due Diligence (CDD) Solutions: KYC and CDD solutions can help automate customer identification, verification, and risk assessment processes. These tools may include identity verification services, watchlist screening, and ongoing customer monitoring.
  7. Anti-Money Laundering (AML) Software: AML software can help automate the process of monitoring transactions for suspicious activity, filing suspicious activity reports (SARs), and maintaining compliance with AML regulations. This may include rule-based systems or more advanced AI-driven solutions.
  8. Data Security Solutions: Data security solutions, such as encryption tools, firewalls, and intrusion detection systems, can help protect sensitive customer and transaction data, ensuring compliance with data privacy and security regulations like the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS).
  9. Training and Learning Management Systems (LMS): An LMS can help manage and track employee training related to compliance, including course content, attendance, assessment, and reporting. This can be especially useful for organizations that must regularly train employees on AML, KYC, and other compliance topics.
  10. Regulatory Reporting Tools: Reporting tools can help streamline the process of generating, submitting, and tracking regulatory reports, such as SARs or periodic financial statements. These tools may include templates, automated data aggregation, and tracking capabilities.

While these tools can help support a comprehensive compliance program for a credit card issuer, it is important to remember that the specific tools needed will depend on the organization’s size, risk profile, and regulatory environment. Tools will also depend on the jurisdiction of your customers, of which I was uncertainly reviewing your website. 

Building a Program – Bank Secrecy Act

The Bank Secrecy Act (BSA) does apply to credit card issuers. The BSA, also known as the Currency and Foreign Transactions Reporting Act, was enacted to combat money laundering and other financial crimes. It requires financial institutions, including credit card issuers, to maintain certain records, file reports, and implement anti-money laundering (AML) programs.

Credit card issuers and fintech companies are considered financial institutions under the BSA, as they offer various types of financial products and services. Therefore, they are subject to the same AML rules and regulations as banks and other financial institutions. These rules and regulations include Know Your Customer (KYC) policies, Currency Transaction Reports (CTRs), Suspicious Activity Reports (SARs), and other due diligence requirements.

Compliance with the BSA helps credit card issuers mitigate risks associated with money laundering, terrorism financing, and other financial crimes. Non-compliance can lead to substantial fines and penalties, as well as reputational damage.

Building a Program – US Sanctions for Card Issuers

U.S. sanctions are relevant to U.S. credit card issuers and fintech companies because they impose restrictions on transactions and dealings with specific individuals, entities, or countries. They are required to comply with these sanctions to prevent financial crimes, such as money laundering and terrorism financing. Non-compliance can lead to significant penalties and reputational damage.

Here’s how U.S. sanctions are relevant to U.S. credit card issuers and fintech companies:

  1. Restricted transactions: Sanctions prohibit U.S. credit card issuers from engaging in transactions with individuals, entities, or countries designated by the Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC), a division of the U.S. Department of the Treasury. This includes processing payments, providing services, or extending credit to sanctioned parties.
  2. Compliance programs: Credit card issuers must implement comprehensive compliance programs to identify and block transactions involving sanctioned parties. These programs should include policies and procedures, employee training, and transaction monitoring systems to ensure compliance with OFAC regulations.
  3. Due diligence: Credit card issuers are required to conduct due diligence on their customers, merchants, and business partners to ensure they are not engaging in transactions with sanctioned parties. This involves screening customers against OFAC’s Specially Designated Nationals (SDN) list and other restricted party lists.
  4. Reporting requirements: U.S. credit card issuers must report any blocked or rejected transactions involving sanctioned parties to OFAC within a specified timeframe. Failure to report such transactions can lead to penalties and enforcement actions.
  5. Penalties for non-compliance: Non-compliance with U.S. sanctions can result in substantial fines, penalties, and reputational damage for credit card issuers. In some cases, individuals involved in non-compliance may also face criminal prosecution.

U.S. credit card issuers and fintech companies must stay informed of updates and changes to U.S. sanctions programs and ensure their compliance programs are up-to-date and effective. This helps protect the issuer from potential financial and reputational risks associated with non-compliance.

Building a Program – AML & BSA Risk Assessment 

An Anti-Money Laundering (AML) and Bank Secrecy Act (BSA) risk assessment is a comprehensive evaluation of an organization’s exposure to money laundering, terrorism financing, and other financial crime risks. A risk assessment typically includes factors such as geographical risk, market risk, product risk, customer risk, and distribution channel risk. By assigning scores to these factors, an organization can better understand its risk exposure and implement appropriate controls to mitigate those risks.

Here is a description of an AML/BSA risk assessment that incorporates a scoring system based on various risk factors:

  1. Geographical risk: Assess the countries and regions where the organization operates or conducts business with customers. Assign a score based on the level of risk associated with each location, considering factors such as political stability, corruption levels, the presence of organized crime or terrorist groups, and AML/CTF regulatory framework effectiveness.
  2. Market risk: Evaluate the organization’s exposure to market risks, such as fluctuations in interest rates, currency exchange rates, or stock market prices. Assign scores based on the level of market volatility and the organization’s susceptibility to these risks.
  3. Product risk: Assess the organization’s products and services, focusing on their vulnerability to money laundering and terrorism financing. Assign a score to each product or service based on factors such as the level of anonymity, transaction size, ease of transferability, and complexity of the product or service.
  4. Customer risk: Evaluate the organization’s customer base, considering factors such as customer type (individual, corporate, or government), occupation, source of funds, and expected transaction patterns. Assign a score based on the level of risk associated with each customer segment.
  5. Distribution channel risk: Assess the organization’s distribution channels, such as branches, agents, digital platforms, or correspondent banking relationships. Assign a score based on factors such as the level of oversight, transparency, and the risk of money laundering or terrorism financing associated with each channel.
  6. Internal controls and compliance risk: Evaluate the effectiveness of the organization’s internal controls and compliance program, including policies, procedures, employee training, and monitoring systems. Assign a score based on the level of risk mitigation provided by these controls.

Once the scores are assigned, the organization can aggregate the scores to create an overall risk score for each category. This process helps identify areas of higher risk that require enhanced due diligence and monitoring.

The results of the risk assessment should be used to develop and enhance the organization’s AML/BSA compliance program, ensuring that resources are allocated effectively to mitigate identified risks. Regularly reviewing and updating the risk assessment is essential to maintain its effectiveness and ensure the organization’s compliance with evolving regulatory requirements.

Building a Program – Miscellaneous Policies 

Here’s an overview of a few key policies and their relevance to credit card issuers which I haven’t covered above:

  1. Suspicious Activity Reports (SARs) Policy: Under the Bank Secrecy Act (BSA), credit card issuers are required to file SARs for any transaction that may involve money laundering, terrorist financing, or other suspicious activities. This policy should establish guidelines for identifying, investigating, and reporting suspicious transactions, as well as maintaining proper documentation.
  2. USA PATRIOT Act Policy (Section 314 reporting): Section 314(a) of the USA PATRIOT Act allows financial institutions, including credit card issuers, to share information with law enforcement agencies to identify and report potential money laundering or terrorist financing activities. The policy should outline procedures for responding to 314(a) requests, safeguarding customer information, and maintaining records of information sharing.
  3. FinCEN Policy: The Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) is responsible for implementing and enforcing the BSA and AML regulations. A credit card issuer’s FinCEN policy should detail the company’s compliance with FinCEN’s regulations, including Customer Identification Program (CIP), Customer Due Diligence (CDD), Enhanced Due Diligence (EDD), and recordkeeping requirements.
  4. OFAC Policy: The Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) enforces economic and trade sanctions against certain individuals, entities, and countries. Credit card issuers must have a policy in place to ensure compliance with OFAC regulations, including screening customers, transactions, and business partners against OFAC’s Specially Designated Nationals (SDN) list and other restricted parties lists, as well as blocking or rejecting prohibited transactions.
  5. FBAR Policy: The Report of Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts (FBAR) is a reporting requirement for U.S. persons with foreign financial accounts. While this requirement may not directly apply to credit card issuers, they should have policies in place to ensure compliance with FBAR regulations if they hold or have signature authority over foreign financial accounts.
  6. Identity Theft Policy: The Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act (FACTA) requires financial institutions, including credit card issuers, to establish an Identity Theft Prevention Program (ITPP) to detect, prevent, and mitigate identity theft. The policy should include procedures for identifying and addressing red flags, verifying customer identity, maintaining customer information security, and responding to identity theft incidents.

By developing and implementing these policies, credit card issuers or fintech companies in the United States can demonstrate compliance with relevant regulations, mitigate risks associated with financial crimes, and protect their customers and business from potential harm. Regularly reviewing and updating these policies is essential to ensure ongoing compliance and effectiveness.

Building Program – Why is this Relevant 

Credit cards and fintech systems can be used in various ways to facilitate money laundering. Money laundering is the process of making illegally-gained proceeds appear legitimate by disguising their origins. Here are some ways that credit cards can be used in money laundering schemes:

  1. Overpayment and refunds: A criminal may make a large overpayment on their credit card account using illicit funds and then request a refund. This creates the appearance of a legitimate transaction and allows the launderer to receive “clean” money from the credit card issuer.
  2. “Credit card factoring” or “credit card laundering”: This involves a criminal using a shell or front company to process fraudulent credit card transactions. They use stolen or fake credit card information to create transactions, which are then processed through the merchant account of the shell company. The company receives the funds from the credit card processor, less any fees, and transfers the laundered money to the criminal’s account.
  3. Collusion with merchants: Criminals may collude with complicit merchants who allow them to use their credit cards to make purchases or pay for services with illegal funds. The merchant then refunds the transaction, providing the criminal with laundered money from the merchant’s account.
  4. Buying and selling goods: Criminals may use illicit funds to purchase high-value goods or services using credit cards, and then sell those goods or services to convert them back into cash. This process can help disguise the origins of the illegal funds.
  5. Multiple small transactions: Criminals can use credit cards to make multiple small transactions (structuring) to avoid detection or reporting thresholds. These transactions may be spread across several accounts, cards, or merchants to further reduce the risk of detection.
  6. Prepaid credit cards: Prepaid credit cards can be used to launder money, as they can be bought and reloaded with cash. Criminals can use these cards for purchases, ATM withdrawals, or online transactions without revealing their true identity. In some cases, they may also use prepaid cards to transfer money between different countries.

Financial institutions, including credit card issuers and Fintech companies, are required to implement robust anti-money laundering (AML) programs to detect and prevent such activities. This includes Know Your Customer (KYC) policies, transaction monitoring systems, and Suspicious Activity Reports (SARs) to identify and report any suspicious activities.

Building a Program – Transaction Flow for a Credit Card Provider

The typical transaction flow for a credit card issuer involves multiple parties and several steps. This section is specific to card issuers as fintech companies have structures that are to diverse to cover in an article, Here is an overview of the process when a cardholder makes a purchase using a credit card:

  1. Cardholder initiates a purchase: The cardholder presents their credit card to the merchant for payment.
  2. Merchant processes the transaction: The merchant uses a point-of-sale (POS) terminal, payment gateway, or other payment processing system to capture the card details and submit the transaction for authorization.
  3. Transaction is sent to the acquiring bank: The merchant’s acquiring bank (or payment processor) receives the transaction details and forwards the information to the card network (e.g., Visa or MasterCard).
  4. Card network routes the transaction: The card network routes the transaction to the issuing bank (the bank that issued the credit card to the cardholder) for authorization.
  5. Issuing bank authorizes the transaction: The issuing bank checks the cardholder’s account for available credit, verifies that the card is valid and not flagged for fraudulent activity, and either approves or declines the transaction. The response is sent back through the card network and the acquiring bank to the merchant.
  6. Merchant receives authorization response: The merchant receives the response and completes the sale if the transaction is approved. The approved transaction is then stored in a batch for later settlement.
  7. Merchant submits the batch for settlement: At the end of the business day or another predetermined time, the merchant submits the batch of approved transactions to the acquiring bank for settlement.
  8. Acquiring bank requests funds: The acquiring bank sends the batched transaction details to the card network, which then forwards the information to the respective issuing banks.
  9. Issuing banks transfer funds: The issuing banks transfer the funds for the settled transactions, minus interchange fees, to the card network.
  10. Card network transfers funds to the acquiring bank: The card network consolidates the funds from the issuing banks and transfers the net amount, minus network fees, to the acquiring bank.
  11. Acquiring bank deposits funds to the merchant’s account: The acquiring bank deposits the funds, minus any applicable fees, into the merchant’s account.
  12. Cardholder is billed: The issuing bank adds the transaction amount to the cardholder’s account balance. The cardholder will be responsible for paying the balance according to their credit card agreement.

This transaction flow represents a simplified version of the process. In practice, there may be variations depending on the specific payment infrastructure, card network, and additional services or features offered by the involved parties.

SOP for a Credit Card Processor and Fintech Company

Creating a comprehensive compliance Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for a credit card issuer and a fintech company requires addressing multiple areas of regulatory and operational compliance. While the exact SOP will depend on your specific circumstances, the following components should generally be included:

  1. Compliance Management System (CMS): Develop a formalized system for managing compliance within the organization, including the appointment of a dedicated compliance officer, clear reporting lines, and regular communication with senior management.
  2. Regulatory Compliance: Ensure adherence to all applicable federal, state, and local regulations, as well as payment network rules (e.g., MasterCard and Visa). This may include consumer protection laws, fair lending practices, data privacy, and security requirements.
  3. Know Your Customer (KYC): Establish a robust KYC program that includes customer identification, risk-based due diligence, and ongoing monitoring of customer transactions. Ensure that the program complies with all applicable KYC regulations.
  4. Anti-Money Laundering (AML) and Counter-Terrorist Financing (CTF): Implement a comprehensive AML/CTF program, including risk-based customer due diligence, transaction monitoring, suspicious activity reporting, record-keeping, and employee training.
  5. Third-Party Risk Management: Develop a process for assessing, monitoring, and managing risks associated with third-party service providers, such as payment processors, technology vendors, and collection agencies.
  6. Fraud Prevention and Detection: Implement a fraud management program that includes transaction monitoring, fraud detection tools, chargeback management, and customer education on fraud prevention.
  7. Data Security and Privacy: Establish a data security program that complies with the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS) and any applicable data privacy regulations, such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) or the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA).
  8. Internal Policies and Procedures: Develop and maintain comprehensive internal policies and procedures that cover all aspects of the credit card issuer’s operations, including card issuance, underwriting, account management, billing, dispute resolution, and fraud management.
  9. Employee Training and Awareness: Provide regular training to employees on compliance requirements, internal policies, and procedures. Ensure that training materials are updated to reflect regulatory changes and industry best practices.
  10. Monitoring, Auditing, and Reporting: Establish a process for regularly monitoring and auditing the credit card issuer’s compliance program to identify gaps, areas for improvement, and potential violations. Implement corrective actions as needed and report any significant compliance issues to senior management and, if required, to regulatory authorities.
  11. Record-Keeping: Maintain accurate and complete records of all compliance-related activities, including risk assessments, audits, training, and reporting, as required by applicable regulations.

The million-dollar issue: Do all credit card issuers and Fintech companies take possession of client funds? As a result, do all credit card issuers require a money services license?

Credit card issuers and Fintechs generally do not take possession of client funds in the same way as banks, which hold deposits in customer accounts. Credit card issuers extend a line of credit to cardholders, allowing them to make purchases or obtain cash advances up to a specified limit. Cardholders are then required to repay the borrowed amount, typically with interest, according to their credit card agreement.

As a result, credit card issuers usually do not fall under the category of money services businesses (MSBs) and may not require a money services license. MSBs typically include entities involved in money transmission, currency exchange, check cashing, and other financial services that involve the handling of client funds.

For more on this topic, you might also read through Structuring a Fintech or Card Issuer without an MSB License

Process to Apply for a Money Service Business License

In the United States, money transmission licensing is regulated at the state level. Each state has its own requirements and procedures for obtaining a money transmission license, which means that if you plan to operate in multiple states, you may need to obtain a license in each state where you conduct business. Here is a general outline of the process:

  1. Research state-specific requirements: Begin by researching the specific licensing requirements for each state in which you plan to operate. You can usually find this information on the state’s financial regulatory agency website or by consulting with a legal professional.
  2. Prepare your application: Each state has its own application form and supporting documentation requirements. Commonly required documents may include a business plan, financial statements, policies and procedures, AML program documentation, background checks, and fingerprints for key personnel, as well as information about the company’s organizational structure and management.
  3. Obtain a surety bond: Most states require money transmitters to obtain a surety bond as part of the licensing process. The bond amount varies by state and is designed to protect consumers in case the licensee fails to meet its obligations.
  4. Pay application fees: Each state typically requires payment of a non-refundable application fee and, if applicable, a licensing fee upon approval.
  5. Submit your application: Once you have prepared all the required documents, submit your application to the appropriate state agency for review. The review process can take several weeks to several months, depending on the state and the complexity of your application.
  6. Respond to any inquiries or requests for additional information: During the review process, the state agency may request additional information or clarification. Respond promptly to these requests to avoid delays in the licensing process.
  7. Obtain your license: If your application is approved, the state agency will issue your money transmission license. You may need to pay an initial licensing fee or meet additional requirements, such as providing proof of a surety bond, before your license becomes active.
  8. Maintain compliance: Once licensed, you must maintain compliance with state-specific regulations, including periodic reporting, financial statement submissions, and maintaining a surety bond. You may also be subject to periodic examinations by the state agency to ensure ongoing compliance.
  9. Renew your license: Money transmission licenses typically have expiration dates and must be renewed periodically. Each state has its own renewal process and fees, so be sure to stay aware of the requirements and timelines to avoid any lapses in your license.

Bond Requirements (CA and TX as examples)

Money Services Businesses (MSBs) are required to obtain surety bonds as part of the licensing process. These bonds help protect consumers from potential financial loss resulting from the MSB’s failure to comply with state regulations or unethical business practices.

Here are the bond requirements for MSBs in California and Texas:

  1. California: Money transmitters in California are required to obtain a surety bond under the California Money Transmission Act. The bond amount varies based on the volume of the money transmitter’s business. The minimum bond amount is $250,000, and the maximum bond amount is $7,000,000. However, if the money transmitter also conducts business in receiving money for obligations, the maximum bond amount may be increased to $10,000,000.
  2. Texas: In Texas, MSBs that are engaged in money transmission or currency exchange must obtain a surety bond under the Texas Finance Code. The bond amount is determined by the Texas Department of Banking based on the MSB’s business activity and volume. The minimum bond amount is $300,000, and the maximum bond amount is $2,000,000. In addition to the state-level bond requirement, certain cities in Texas, such as Austin and Houston, may also require MSBs to obtain a separate bond at the local level.

Note that bond requirements may vary based on the specific type of MSB (e.g., money transmitter, check casher, currency exchanger) and other factors, such as the volume of transactions processed. The above is just an example.

Given the complexity and state-specific nature of money transmission licensing, this is a very complex matter. We are capable of applying for licenses in multiple states if that is what’s required. My quotation below does NOT include the cost of applying for an MSB license(s).

Consulting Services

We can create a compliance program that covers all essential aspects, including regulatory compliance, risk assessment, transaction monitoring, fraud detection, data security, and employee training as described above. Our team of experienced compliance professionals will work closely with you to ensure the program is tailored to your organization’s unique needs and requirements.

We can assist in all aspects of a fintech, crypto, or credit card issuing business compliance program. For more information and pricing, please contact us at info@premieroffshore.com. For information on this topic for banks, see my other website www.banklicense.pro 

Swiss Flag

Exchanging Bitcoin for Physical Cash in Switzerland

As the popularity of cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin continues to grow, so does the demand for methods to exchange them for physical cash. While licensed exchanges are a common and regulated way to conduct these transactions, many people wonder if it is legal to exchange Bitcoin for physical cash in Switzerland without using a licensed exchange. In this article, we will explore the legal landscape surrounding this topic and the potential risks and considerations involved in such transactions.

Is it legal to sell cryptocurrency for physical cash in Switzerland?

Yes, it is legal to sell cryptocurrency for physical cash in Switzerland. Switzerland has a relatively friendly regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies and has been proactive in creating a legal framework for their use and exchange. The Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority (FINMA) has issued guidelines on how to handle cryptocurrencies and comply with Anti-Money Laundering (AML) and Know Your Customer (KYC) regulations.

As long as the parties involved in the transaction comply with the relevant laws and regulations, selling cryptocurrency for physical cash is allowed. However, it is essential to ensure that proper AML and KYC procedures are followed, as well as adhering to any other applicable regulations. This may include registering with FINMA if the transaction volume exceeds a certain threshold or if the business is operating as a financial intermediary.

It is recommended to consult with legal professionals or experts in Swiss cryptocurrency regulations to ensure full compliance with the law when conducting such transactions.

Understanding the Swiss Regulatory Framework:

Switzerland has established itself as a hub for blockchain and cryptocurrency businesses, thanks to its progressive approach to regulation. The Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority (FINMA) is responsible for overseeing financial services providers, including those dealing with cryptocurrencies.

According to FINMA guidelines, businesses that exchange cryptocurrencies for fiat currencies may be considered financial intermediaries and subject to Anti-Money Laundering (AML) regulations. However, this classification depends on the nature and scale of the transactions. If a person engages in occasional transactions for personal use or as a hobby, they may not be considered a financial intermediary and may not be subject to licensing requirements.

Peer-to-Peer Transactions and Legal Considerations:

Exchanging Bitcoin for physical cash through peer-to-peer (P2P) transactions, such as private sales or trades with friends, may not require licensing, provided the transactions are infrequent and not part of a business activity. However, engaging in regular or large-scale transactions may be considered financial intermediation and subject to Swiss AML regulations.

There are several risks and considerations associated with P2P transactions, including:

  1. Legal liability: If you inadvertently engage in unlicensed financial intermediation, you may face legal consequences, including fines or penalties.
  2. Fraud and security risks: P2P transactions may expose you to fraud, theft, or other security risks, as you may be dealing with unknown parties without the protection of a licensed exchange.
  3. Tax implications: Regardless of whether you use a licensed exchange, it is essential to report any gains or losses from Bitcoin transactions to the Swiss Federal Tax Administration (FTA) or to your appropriate tax authority, such as the IRS in the United States, and pay any applicable taxes.

Conclusion:

While it may be possible to exchange Bitcoin for physical cash in Switzerland without using a licensed exchange under certain circumstances, it is essential to understand the legal landscape and the potential risks involved. Engaging in occasional P2P transactions for personal use may be permissible, but regular or large-scale transactions may require compliance with Swiss AML regulations. Therefore, if you are a seller of Bitcoin, be sure to only engage in such transactions with a firm in Switzerland that will follow these laws.

If you are interested in selling Bitcoin or another cryptocurrency for cash, please contact us at info@premieroffshore.com and we can connect you will a firm in Switzerland. Please note that we do not work with people who wish to sell in the United States where such a transaction is likely to be illegal. 

US Cash

Exchanging Bitcoin for Physical Cash in the United States

The growing popularity of cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin, has led to an increase in demand for various methods to exchange them for physical cash. While licensed exchanges are a common and regulated way to conduct these transactions, many people wonder if it is legal to exchange Bitcoin for physical cash in the United States without using a licensed exchange. In this article, we will explore the legal landscape surrounding this topic and the potential risks and considerations involved in such transactions.

Understanding the Regulatory Framework:

In the United States, the regulatory framework governing cryptocurrencies is complex and varies across different federal and state agencies. The Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN), a bureau within the U.S. Department of the Treasury, is responsible for enforcing anti-money laundering (AML) and countering the financing of terrorism (CFT) regulations for virtual currency businesses.

According to FinCEN guidance, individuals who exchange virtual currency, such as Bitcoin, for real currency (including physical cash) may be considered money transmitters and subject to federal registration and licensing requirements. However, this classification depends on the nature and frequency of the transactions. If a person is merely engaging in occasional transactions for personal use or as a hobby, they may not be considered a money transmitter.

State-Level Regulations:

In addition to federal regulations, some states have implemented their own licensing and regulatory requirements for cryptocurrency businesses. For example, New York State requires a “BitLicense” for businesses engaged in virtual currency activities, while other states have different licensing requirements or exemptions. It is crucial to understand and comply with any applicable state-level regulations when exchanging Bitcoin for physical cash.

Peer-to-Peer Transactions and Legal Considerations:

Exchanging Bitcoin for physical cash through peer-to-peer (P2P) transactions, such as private sales or trades with friends, may not require licensing, provided that the transactions are infrequent and not part of a business activity. However, engaging in regular or large-scale transactions may be considered money transmission and subject to federal and state regulations.

There are several risks and considerations associated with P2P transactions, including:

  1. Legal liability: If you inadvertently engage in unlicensed money transmission, you may face legal consequences, including fines, penalties, or even criminal charges.
  2. Fraud and security risks: P2P transactions may expose you to fraud, theft, or other security risks, as you may be dealing with unknown parties without the protection of a licensed exchange.
  3. Tax implications: Regardless of whether you use a licensed exchange, it is essential to report any gains or losses from Bitcoin transactions to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and pay any applicable taxes.

US Person Charged with a Crime

There have been instances where people have been charged with crimes in the United States for selling Bitcoin in private transactions without using an exchange. These cases usually involve violations of money transmission laws, anti-money laundering (AML) regulations, or other financial crimes.

One example is the case of LocalBitcoins trader “Bitcoin Maven,” whose real name is Theresa Lynn Tetley. In 2018, she was sentenced to 12 months in federal prison, forfeited 40 Bitcoins, $292,264 in cash, and 25 gold bars for operating an illegal money transmission business and laundering funds using Bitcoin. Tetley conducted her transactions without registering as a money services business (MSB) with the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) and failed to implement anti-money laundering procedures, thus violating federal laws.

Another example is the case of Sal Mansy, who was charged in 2016 for operating an unlicensed money-transmitting business by trading Bitcoin without a license. Mansy conducted over $2.4 million worth of Bitcoin transactions without registering with FinCEN and was sentenced to a year in federal prison.

These cases highlight the importance of understanding and complying with federal and state regulations when conducting private Bitcoin transactions in the United States. Failure to follow these regulations can result in criminal charges, fines, and even imprisonment.

Conclusion:

Engaging in occasional P2P transactions for personal use may be permissible, but regular or large-scale transactions will require compliance with US federal and state regulations. Therefore, if you wish to sell Bitcoin in a private transaction, you must do so in a country where this is legal… and you must follow all applicable laws in the transaction. 

Here is an article on selling crypto in a private transaction in Switzerland where it is legal: Exchanging Bitcoin for Physical Cash in Switzerland.

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Opening a Bank in St. Lucia

The best “pure offshore” offshore bank license jurisdiction in 2022 is St. Lucia. Here’s what you need to know about opening an offshore bank in St. Lucia, including the capital, operations, correspondent accounts, etc.  If you’re thinking about opening a bank in St. Lucia, this is a must-read. 

I say that St. Lucia is the best “pure offshore” bank license jurisdiction because the most popular jurisdiction for the last few years has been Puerto Rico. However, opening a bank in Puerto Rico means dealing with the US Federal Reserve and US regulators. If you want to be offshore and provide products that are not permitted by US banks, then St. Lucia is where you want to be.

For example, banks in Puerto Rico are prohibited from providing brokerage and investment services, as are all US banks. Like many European jurisdictions, banks in St. Lucia are not limited to providing custody services only.

Also, the US limits the countries from which you can accept accounts. In general, clients from Russia, Bulgaria, Cuba, Venezuela, etc. are persona non grata in Puerto Rico. If your business is focused on restricted nations or nationals, you’ll need to look at St. Lucia.

For example, let’s say you wanted to open a trade finance bank that supports trade within Eastern Europe, including Russia. Such a bank should be based in St. Lucia and modeled after Euro Exim Bank (for example), which is in St. Lucia.

 

Here’s what you’ll need to open a bank in St. Lucia: 

  1. The capital required is $2.2 million. Of this, $300,000 is held in a CD in St. Lucia and the balance can be in your operating account or your correspondent bank. The fact that $1.9 million can be placed at your correspondent is a major advantage, as correspondent accounts always require owner capital.
  2. A detailed business plan covering operations, marketing, where your clients will come from, and your compliance manuals (such as Human Resources, AML, and KYC)

The business plan is a document written specifically for regulators and is the heart of the application. Unlike a standard business plan that is used to raise money, this one is written for the regulators. Its purpose is to convince the Financial Authority that you will be a good steward of the bank and that you won’t bring risk to the island (reputational or otherwise). 

It’s also important that your business plan be specific when discussing your business model, target market, and marketing plan. Regulators want to know where your clients will come from and that your group has the expertise necessary to perform due diligence on these clients. 

For example, if your team is from Mexico, and your target market is Russia and China, they will want to know what makes you qualified to research and approve account applications coming from these countries? 

The business plan should also detail your plans in St. Lucia. Where will you set up your office, what core system will you use, and how many people will you employ on the island? Regulators want to know that you will be bringing some jobs to their country.

While it’s not necessary for all of your employees to be in St. Lucia, I suggest that you should base compliance and operations here. Sales, marketing, and support might be in a lower-cost country. For my thoughts on this see Where to set up a Bank Call Center.

  1. Third-party background reports and audited personal and corporate financial statements are required from all officers, directors, shareholders, and investors in the bank.

Everyone listed in the business plan, and everyone putting money into the project, must be approved by regulators. This means that they all must provide three years of audited financial statements and a background report from a third-party investigator such as Kroll. Only reports from companies pre-approved by regulators will be accepted.

The purpose of the three years audited statements is to prove to regulators where the money came from to start the bank. You may not use borrowed funds and must disclose the source of all investments/funding during the startup phase of the bank.

Note that, after the license is granted, you need only disclose and have approved investments where the shareholder will have more than 10% ownership or control of the bank. If you sell less than 10%, you generally do not need regulator approval, but this only applies after the license is issued. 

Another workaround is that you can sell conditioned options after the license is issued. You can sell an option that entitles the investor to more than 10% of the voting shares of the bank, so long as it includes a clause where the transfer of the shares is conditioned on the approval of regulators. These inventors will need to go through due diligence when they wish to convert their options into voting shares.

Once the application package is approved, the processing time in St. Lucia is typically 6 to 12 months depending on their workload and how much you want to push them to work quickly. Also, the quality of the application and the nationality of the shareholders will impact the approval time.

I hope you’ve found this article on opening a bank in St. Lucia to be helpful. For more information on opening a bank in St. Lucia or Puerto Rico, please contact me at info@premieroffshore.com. I will personally write your business plan and handle your license application. 

Dominica Eliminates Offshore Corporations

Dominica has officially closed its offshore corporations’ sector. All corporations must shut down and no new corporations will be allowed to incorporate. As of June 28, 2021, Dominica eliminated offshore corporations and International Business Companies (IBCs).

The specifics of the closure of offshore companies in Dominica are as follows. For the official order, see the Financial Services Unit website.

  1. No new offshore companies will be incorporated in Dominica as of January 1, 2022.
  2. After January 1, 2022, individuals should cease conducting business with any international business company incorporated in Dominica. This is because the company will cease to exist as of that date and as you’ll have no more limited liability or protection from the corporation.
  3. This announcement has gone out to all the international and local banks. Thus, many are in the process of closing the accounts of these structures.

The closure of Dominica’s offshore corporations’ sector has been coming for some time now. Once the country bowed to the demands of OECD and eliminated the privacy component of their offshore structures some six years ago, sales have been down. Why incorporate in Dominica if it offers no privacy? Why choose this country over the competition unless it offers some benefit?

All things being equal, most will incorporate in a country with a better reputation, such as BVI. There is no need to incorporate in a country that is on the grey or black lists unless it provides added privacy.

The second attack on Dominica’s offshore corporate industry came from the IMF and World Bank. The island of Dominica receives significant assistance from these groups, and, when they “suggested” that Dominica should close its IBC unit, the government took notice. Clearly, the amount of free money was greater than the fees and taxes generated by the offshore sector.

The third and final attack on Dominica’s offshore corporation industry was by the United States. Banks in Dominica transact through US banks who act as their correspondent partners. Without these correspondents, the banks in Dominica can’t function.

US regulators told the correspondent banks that they need to get more information on the IBCs being used on Dominica. That is, banks in Dominica need much more KYC and AML on IBC clients. 

From a practical perspective, this increased due diligence meant that it was no longer efficient for the banks in Dominica to open accounts for IBCs from Dominica. Thus, all these accounts were closed and the IBCs effectively became useless. 

I hope you’ve found this post on the loss of Dominica’s offshore company industry to be helpful. For assistance to incorporate an offshore company or trust in a respected jurisdiction, please contact me at info@premieroffshore.com 

How Much Money do I Need to Set Up an Offshore Bank

In this post, I’ll consider how much money you need to set up an offshore bank. This will consider multiple jurisdictions in the Caribbean, which are the traditional offshore banking centers. These are Puerto Rico, St. Vincent, and Dominica. 

First, a few comments on why I’ve chosen these jurisdictions. The reason for Puerto Rico is simple enough – this island has been the center of the offshore banking industry since 2015. 95% of the new licenses and acquisitions are in Puerto Puerto Rico, and it’s the only jurisdiction with 40 new applications pending. The bottom line is that Puerto Rico is where all the demand is in 2021 and 2022.

All of this attention on Puerto Rico has meant the demise of other quality jurisdictions such as the Cayman Islands. It’s been a few years since this island has issued a new license and it has lost about 45% of its banks over the last few years. The primary reasons are the high cost of compliance with US FATCA (does not apply in Puerto Rico), costs of CRS (does not apply in Puerto Rico), and the difficulty of finding and maintaining correspondent banking relationships (not a problem in Puerto Rico). For more on this, see The Decline of the Cayman Islands Offshore Banking Empire.

Then there are the “low cost” offshore bank licenses such as Comoros or Gambia. The bottom line with these licenses is that you might get a license, but you won’t be able to do much with it. It’s nearly impossible to open a correspondent account for a low-quality offshore bank license. And, if you do get an account, it will be an EMI in the UK or similar, with high costs and which is very inefficient… it’s not going to function as a bank. For more on this, see Scams in the Offshore Bank License Market.

Finally, we can skip countries like Belize and Nevis who have not issued a new license in years. Yes, these are quality banking jurisdictions, but they are not issuing licenses. So, they don’t make it onto this list of how much money you need to set up an offshore bank. 

This leaves us with options such as Dominica and St. Lucia. These are one or two levels below Puerto Rico, but they serve a purpose in the offshore banking industry. If you don’t want to deal with US regulators, you open up shop in St. Lucia. If you can’t afford St. Lucia, you go to Dominica. 

 

Puerto Rico Offshore Bank License Costs

From 2013 to 2016, I was writing articles proclaiming Puerto Rico to be the lowest-cost offshore bank license. That was true then, but not for 2022. For one of these old posts, see Lowest Cost Offshore Bank License is Puerto Rico.

In years gone by, you could spend about $110,000 to get a license that would require only $550,000 in capital… a $300,000 CD, and $250,000 paid-in capital. And, a few years back, applicants were being approved with this amount of capital.

For a new license applicant looking for approval in 2022, the capital required is much higher. You will need at least $2.5m in paid-in capital, plus the same $300,000 CD. Also, the more paid-in capital you have, the better. An applicant with $5 million will be viewed more favorably than one with $2 million… and this is very important in a competitive environment. For more on the capital requirements in Puerto Rico, see Puerto Rico Bank Capital Requirements.

I also suggest that the amount of work that goes into an application for 2022 is much more intense than it was in 2016. Be ready to spend $300,000 to $350,000 to present a solid package to regulators and to complete your necessary background reports. 

 

St. Lucia Offshore Bank License Costs

Below Puerto Rico in terms of the value of the license is St. Lucia. Only those who do not want US oversight or have extensive experience in the offshore space should apply for this license. Of the pure “offshore” banking licenses, St. Lucia is clearly the best option.

The capital required for St. Lucia is $2.2 million paid-in capital, including a $300,000 CD. This CD is held at a local bank on the island and will be used to pay creditors should the bank go under (same as Puerto Rico). For the regulator’s website, click here.

The regulators in St. Lucia are working hard to improve the image of their offshore banking industry. Thus, the application process is quite difficult and fees are high. Expect to spend about the same amount for a license in St. Lucia as you would in Puerto Rico.

There are quality banks in St. Lucia, some of which are very profitable. One of the best operated is Euro Exim Bank. Also, there are subsidiaries of Puerto Rico banks in St. Lucia, such as StateTrust International Bank. For a list of banks, see International Banks Regulated Entities.

 

Dominica Offshore Bank License Costs

Finally, a step below St. Lucia is Dominica. There are 18 offshore banks licensed in Dominica, most of them are quite small and they are typically specific use banks. For a list see the Financial Authority’s website.

The minimum capital in Dominica is $1 million, which is currently the lowest in the industry (again, I don’t count countries such as Comoros). And, if you’re a qualified applicant with a clean history, you’ll be approved with this amount of paid-in capital.

Of course, the issue is that you’ll need significantly more cash than this to open correspondent accounts. So, your minimum capital required will depend on the requirements from your partner banks. But, again, you’ll be approved with this amount of money, which can be important to someone raising money after the license is issued. See Offshore Bank License Checklist for more information (regulator’s website).

 

Conclusion

While Puerto Rico is the market leader, there are sold business cases where St. Lucia or Dominica makes sense. For more information, and for a quote to set up a bank in one of these countries, please contact me at info@premieroffshore.com

Bank Accounts for Expats

One of the most difficult aspects of life as an expat is banking. This is especially true for Americans who are persona non grata at most banks around the world. Plus, we have trouble opening and maintaining our US accounts if we are not in the country often. Here’s what expats need to know about opening offshore bank accounts in 2022.

The same is also true for non-US persons and all manner of expats. Unless and until you have full residency in your new country, it will be difficult to open a bank account there. And, even when you do have permanent residency, your choice of banks will be limited. 

Then are the expat nomads. Those who move from country to country without putting down roots or obtaining a permanent residency visa. For this group, opening a bank account will be nearly impossible.

I fall into this third group. I travel for a living and reside in Mexico without a residency visa. As I’m in the city of Tijuana, which is a border town, a visa is not required. However, I’m unable to open a bank account in Mexico. 

I’ve had to return to the United States to deal with banking issues three times in the last year and a half. And, until I got to the states, I was unable to send or receive wires.

First, Wells Fargo closed my account because they figured out that I was not living in the US. I flew home and transferred my account to BBVA USA, which worked great. They had an excellent online system and branches in Mexico.

Then, BBVA USA sold to PNC. Their basic online system did not allow wire transfers and it took a huge amount of effort to move to their Pinnacle platform. I spent hours on the phone and had to travel to my branch twice to deal with these issues. Then, the wait to set up the new system was 2 weeks.

So, where can we expats open bank accounts? What online bank will accept us? What banks are fully digital and will never require an office visit?

The answer is the international banks in the US territory of Puerto Rico. These digital-only banks are focused on global clients. They can accept clients from anywhere in the world and will not ever require an in-person visit. 

And it does not matter what passport you have (in most cases, anyway). These international banks are built to serve a global clientele. I also suggest that these banks are the most secure and best capitalized in the offshore space because they must follow US rules on capitalization

  • Banks in Puerto Rico follow US rules on restricted countries and sanction lists. They generally don’t accept clients from Russia and Cuba, for example. 

These international banks focus on a specific market, industry, or region. For example, Standard International Bank is focused on transactions with and clients from China. There are 13 IBE licenses and 52 IFEs in Puerto Rico, for a total of 65 international banks. For more on the number of banks, see How Many International Banks are there in Puerto Rico.

Note that this post refers to international banks in Puerto Rico and not the local banks. Local banks can open accounts for residents of Puerto Rico. International banks can open accounts for anyone in the world except for persons and companies in Puerto Rico. That is, international banks are prohibited from competing in the local market.

You’ll find that these international banks each have a specific focus. Here are my recommendations for banks for expats (in no particular order).

Facebank: The largest international bank on the island in terms of the number of clients. Excellent service and focused on Latin America. No English website is available.

Bancredito: An International bank and wealth management group for larger accounts. Unique offerings for AMEX black.

Stern Bank: A global bank for business and trade finance. This is the top business bank on the island.

Euro Pacific: An international bank focused on investing, trading, and custody of assets including gold. This is the only bank that integrates with Metatrader. The last time I checked, they do not accept US clients.

Bancolombia: The international division of the large Bancolombia group. Specialized in transactions with Colombia.

Zenus Bank: The newest of the international banks and the one with the best technology. This bank focused on personal and business accounts, along with the most efficient FX and cross-border payments. 

Italbank: Specialized in global accounts for persons from Latin American and Europe, especially in Italy and persons from Venezuela that are resident abroad. Their tagline is “An American Bank for Latin America.”

I suggest that Puerto Rico has become the best, and possibly the only, choice for expats. If you want to move funds to a digital bank, give Puerto Rico a look. You’ll need to do your due diligence to find a bank that fits your needs, as they are all very different, but once you’re set-up, transacting will be more efficient.

I hope this post has been helpful. My specialty is setting up international banks. For information on opening a bank in Puerto Rico, please contact me at info@premieroffshore.com

Updated List of Tax Information Exchange Treaty Countries for 2021

The United States has updated the list of countries with which it has a tax information exchange agreement. This is a list of countries that share bank account information with the US IRS to ensure global tax compliance of US persons. The US also shares information with foreign governments to ensure global tax compliance.

That is to say, this is a list of countries with which the US shares bank account information. If you are not an American, and you have a US bank account, your account information is not private. This is the 2021 updated list of tax information exchange treaty countries.

The first section of the list below indicates which countries have tax treaties with the United States. In most cases, this list indicates which countries will provide information upon request. The same goes for information from the United States… the country must usually file a formal request… thus, the inquiry is part of a major investigation.

The second part of the list indicates which countries have an automatic exchange of bank account interest income.  If your country is on this list, it means that your bank reports your interest income to the IRS and the IRS automatically gives that information to your home country.

The additions to the 2021 updated list of tax information exchange treaty countries are as follows: 

Chile has finally given up the fight and entered into a tax treaty with the United States. This is a standard treaty and not one that includes the automatic exchange of interest income information.

In addition, Singapore and the Dominican Republic have agreed to the automatic exchange of interest income information. Note that Singapore and the Dominican Republic are now listed in both sections, standard tax treaties and the automatic exchange of information.

I should note that, just because the IRS can get information about your foreign accounts, it does not mean that they can levy those accounts (take money from your foreign bank account). In most cases, the IRS can only seize assets in Canada and the UK. 

Also, if your foreign bank has a branch in the United States, the IRS can seize money from the foreign branch. For example, if you have an account at HSBC in Hong Kong, the IRS can issue a levy notice to HSBC in New York, which compels the New York branch to get your money and give it to the IRS.

If you would like to see a standard tax treaty, have a read through the United States Model – Tax Treaty Documents.

These treaties give a major advantage to offshore banks in the US territory of Puerto Rico. Per § 3(I) of the sample treaty, and most if not all US treaties, the territory of Puerto Rico is exempted from these tax information exchange agreements. Thus, banks in Puerto Rico do not need to disclose account information to foreign governments. 

To clarify, international banks in Puerto Rico do report to the United States IRS, but this information may only be used to tax US persons. It is not to be provided to foreign governments, something that the OECD and CRS  have been fighting for years without success. 

I also note that, unlike US banks, it’s relatively easy for non-US persons to open a bank account in Puerto Rico. There are several banks on the island that will open an account online and through their mobile app. These are fintech banks focused on international markets.

It’s difficult for non-US persons to open accounts at US banks. Because of regulators from FDIC, US banks are for US persons. However, FDIC does not apply to banks in Puerto Rico and these international banks can accept clients from anywhere in the world. 

In fact, banks in Puerto Rico can open accounts for anyone anywhere in the world, including US residents and citizens. The only limitation is that international banks in Puerto Rico can’t compete with the local banks and thus can’t provide accounts to companies or persons located in Puerto Rico. 

  • Of course, banks in Puerto Rico must follow all US rules and may not provide accounts to persons from sanctioned countries or individuals on sanctioned lists.

For more on the stats of international banks in Puerto Rico, see How Many International Banks are there in Puerto Rico.

For information on setting up a bank in Puerto Rico, see Start a Bank in Puerto Rico in 10 Steps.

To clarify, banks in Puerto Rico do not provide any extra privacy or protection to US persons. The rules for US persons in Puerto Rico are the same as it is at any US bank. The benefits described above apply to non-US persons who wish to keep their accounts private. 

I hope you’ve found this article on the 2021 updated list of tax information exchange treaty countries to be helpful. For more information on opening accounts in Puerto Rico, or on setting up a bank on the island, please contact me at info@premieroffshore.com

 

Why Puerto Rico Banks are in the Pandora Papers

In this post, I’ll look at why international banks in Puerto Rico are in the Pandora Papers. While the left-leaning journalists try to spin these banks as somehow sinister, the truth is much more mundane. Here’s what you need to know about why Puerto Rico banks are in the Pandora Papers.

The Pandora Papers dwarf the Panama Papers and include more than 11.9 million records for a total of 2.97 terabytes of data. These records were stolen from 14 different incorporation firms, with the largest being Trident Trust. These files provided information on people from 200 countries, including more than 330 politicians and 130 Forbes billionaires, and several celebrities. 

The Pandora Papers included information on only a few international banks in Puerto Rico. Though, I can tell you that most of the banks in Puerto Rico were structured using an offshore holding company. They may also have an offshore broker-dealer, EMI license, or some other international processing company or payment rail. So, basically, all international banks in Puerto Rico could have been in the Pandora Papers.

There are a few reasons why banks in Puerto Rico must use offshore companies when setting up. The first is for the payment of dividends to non-US shareholders. The second is because many of these banks offer cross-border payments or non-USD accounts, so need access to foreign payment rails.

 

Puerto Rico Banks in Pandora Papers – Holding Companies

International banks in Puerto Rico with IBE licenses pay 0% tax and those with IFE licenses pay 4% in tax. There is no withholding tax on dividends paid to non-US persons or offshore holding companies. Dividends paid to US persons are taxable in the United States. 

  • IBE licenses were issued between 1989 and 2012 and the first IFE licenses were issued in 2013. The IFE law replaced the IBE law, increasing the tax rate to 4%.

IFEs and IBEs in Puerto Rico with non-US shareholders, or those that want to court foreign shareholders, require an offshore corporation. The international bank pays 4% tax on its net profits and pays out a tax-free dividend to the offshore holding company. Those dividends are held at the holding company or paid out to the shareholders per their wishes and in a tax-efficient manner.

There is no tax benefit to US shareholders in using an offshore holding company. US persons pay tax on dividends when they are distributed. Therefore, US shareholders prefer profits to be retained in the bank tax-deferred while foreign shareholders prefer that dividends are paid out as soon as possible. 

Of course, dividend payments are governed by the capital requirements and operational requirements of the IFE or IBE. For more on this topic, see: Puerto Rico Bank Capital Requirements.

For more on the topic of tax planning for an international bank in Puerto Rico for US shareholders, see: Puerto Rico Tax Incentives for Bank Owners.

 

Puerto Rico Banks in Pandora Papers – Payment Rails

Most international banks in Puerto Rico focus on international customers. Others focus on US clients with international transactions. For this reason, IFEs and IBEs need access to international payment rails. Most banks in Puerto Rico offer FX services along with accounts in USD, GBP, CHF, and other currencies. 

Also, many of these Fintech banks are looking to provide cost-effective cross-border payment services. This requires multiple correspondent accounts and other licensed or unlicensed structures which are typically held in an offshore company. 

For more information on setting up a bank in Puerto Rico, see: Start a Bank in Puerto Rico in 10 Steps

For information on purchasing a bank in Puerto Rico, see: Process to Purchase a Bank in Puerto Rico

 

Puerto Rico Banks in Pandora Papers – Broker-Dealer License

Again, banks in Puerto Rico typically focus on international clients. IFEs and IBEs provide banking and custody services to people from China, Latin American, and around the world. For more on custody services, see: International Banks in Puerto Rico May Provide Global Custody Services

Also, banks in the United States and Puerto Rico are prohibited from providing brokerage services. They are allowed to provide custody services, but can’t execute the trades. For this reason, banks in Puerto Rico will set up a separate broker-dealer in a jurisdiction such as the British Virgin Islands. 

Why don’t they set up the BD in the United States? First, the costs of operation are much higher in the US. Second, most clients are not US persons, so a US BD is not going to accept them as clients and will not be an efficient option.

For more on how to structure an international bank in Puerto Rico, see: How to Set up an Offshore Bank in 2022.

 

Puerto Rico Banks in Pandora Papers – Client Companies

The article below, which inspired this post, identified various non-US persons with offshore companies and accounts at various international banks in Puerto Rico. In fact, many non-US persons form offshore companies in order to open business accounts at banks in Puerto Rico.

While US persons are taxed on our worldwide income, most other persons and companies are not. There are many legitimate tax and business reasons a non-US person would form an offshore company and open an account in Puerto Rico. Also, there are several legitimate business reasons US persons might do the same.

For example, if a US person wants to invest in a foreign or offshore fund, they’ll need an offshore structure. Also, if a US person is selling into foreign countries, they will need an offshore company to facilitate that business. This would include using the bank in Puerto Rico for their cross-border payments for salaries, purchases, shipping, etc.

 

Why Target Puerto Rico Banks in the Pandora Papers?


So, why are banks in Puerto Rico the target of journalists writing on the Pandora Papers? Because they can get great headlines that make it appear that these banks are doing something nefarious. In fact, international banks in Puerto Rico are required to use offshore structures, but none of these “investigators” bother to mention that. Anyone associated with the offshore industry is guilty until proven innocent. 

The bottom line is that these Pandora Paper articles get clicks for the author. It doesn’t matter if the use of an offshore structure is 100% legitimate. It’s easy to cast anything with the word “offshore” in the name in a disparaging light. 

When you read these articles about Puerto Rico banks in the Pandora Papers, keep in mind that these are the most regulated international banks in the world. Yes, the regulator in Puerto Rico has just a few employees but uses a network of external auditors and banking experts (see the article below). 

Next, many banks in Puerto Rico are regulated by the US Federal Reserve Bank. This is the toughest regulator there is, and these Puerto Rico banks follow all the same reporting and compliance requirements of the largest national banks. 

Finally, all shareholders, investors, officers, directors, and key personnel of these banks go through stringent due diligence. They must provide three years of audited financial statements and complete a very rigorous background check which costs $6,500 to $15,000 per person depending on their nationality and other factors.

And the same is true for any corporation that’s a shareholder of the bank. These offshore corporations must either be newly formed or provide 3 years of US GAAP compliant audited financial statements. Any offshore company that appears in the Pandora papers has been fully vetted by regulators and a third-party due diligence provider such as Kroll or Berkeley Research.

When the Pandora Papers attack a shareholder of a bank in Puerto Rico because he was accused of wrongdoing in years past, you can be assured that this claim was thoroughly checked out by regulators and various investigative agencies. If he was allowed to become a shareholder, he was clean (see the article below). 

As someone in this industry since 2003, I can tell you that no high net-worth person actively involved in a business is without his or her detractors. As the expression goes, you haven’t made it until someone sues you (until you have enough money for someone to bother trying to take it from you). 

I’ve seen dozens of background reports, some over 100 pages long. I can tell you from experience that every successful person has a history of litigation and has some battle scars. 

In fact, I’ve only seen one perfectly clean background report. And, as it turned out, that was an American who was fronting for some foreign investors. He was quickly found out and the bank purchase didn’t get past first base… but, my point is, if the report is perfectly clean, that’s when you need to be suspicious.

For more on how to structure an international bank in Puerto Rico, see: How to Set up an Offshore Bank in 2022.

 

Conclusion

I hope you’ve found this article on why Puerto Rico banks are in the Pandora Papers to be helpful. If you’re interested in forming an IFE in Puerto Rico or purchasing an existing bank in the territory, please contact me at info@premieroffshore.com. I will personally prepare your business plan and handle your license application.

 

Translation of Article on Puerto Rico Banks in the Pandora Papers

The following is a translation of the Spanish language article that inspired this post. For the original version, click here.  

Note that this is an unofficial translation. Any grammatical issues, run-on sentences, poor or unclear writing, typos, or any other errors are mine. Any translations that I’m unsure of are in [brackets], as are my comments.

I’ve also deleted the names of the banks in the article and replaced them with XXXX. I don’t see any reason they need to be named here.

 

 

SMALL INTERNATIONAL BANKS FROM PUERTO RICO IN THE PANDORA PAPERS

The international research in the Pandora Papers allows access to documents that show how some of these entities facilitate the opaque businesses of foreign millionaires, known as offshore companies.

 

From an office in San Juan, XXXX International Bank provides “Swiss expertise” to its clients. It offers banking services to foreigners who are not residents of Puerto Rico: receive deposits, open offshore bank accounts, and carry out transactions in any type of currency.

Their website highlights that they are discreet. It also says that they comply with the law and are committed to a culture of compliance. That is, they verify the identity of their clients and question the origin of the money, “when appropriate.”

The owner of XXXX International Holding LLC – the bank’s parent company – is XXXX, a French banker who lives in Miami. His LinkedIn mentions that he chairs the Board of Directors of International Rollet Capital and ExPAM Capital, founded a bank in Dubai called La Trésorerie, and worked at Goldman Sachs. He doesn’t mention XXXX.

XXXX’s contact person in Puerto Rico is Rafael Blanco Latorre, former commissioner of the Office of the Commissioner of Financial Institutions (OCIF) from 2012 to 2016. Blanco Latorre told the Center for Investigative Journalism (CPI) that he is an external legal consultant and that he chairs the Board of Directors of one of the International Financial Institutions (IFE), although he did not want to mention the name. In October 2016, two months before ending his duties as commissioner, he signed the license that allows XXXX to operate in Puerto Rico.

Blanco Latorre refused to give an interview about his management as a civil servant in the OCIF and about the role he exercises in one of the entities that he supervised while he was in the Government, referring to the fact that he is now a private citizen.

In 2012, under the government of Luis Fortuño, Puerto Rico [created the law which allowed the] island to become an international financial center. The Government offered tax exemptions of up to 45 years to anyone who set up a bank, insurer, subsidiary, or boutique firm dedicated to exporting financial services Act 20 [now referred to as Act 60]. The story is [standard]: capital would arrive, create thousands of jobs and generate economic development.

Since then, small banks have arrived in Puerto Rico that, by establishing themselves here, can open accounts directly with the Federal Reserve. This gives them direct access to the US market and facilitates transactions in US dollars. The owners of these entities are mostly foreigners and the law prohibits [IFEs and IBEs] from offering services to residents of Puerto Rico

 

Almost ten years later, the balance of this incentive has had a “modest” economic impact, less than 1,000 direct jobs according to OCIF, attracting the attention of federal and international authorities for money laundering and tax evasion cases, and a reputation as a [tax] paradise. These entities, whose owners often remain behind the scenes, can serve to hide assets from tax authorities or, in the worst case, money laundering and other illegal transactions.

Some of the directors, owners, and clients of these banks and international financial entities established in Puerto Rico appear in documents examined by the CPI are part of the Pandora Papers, a new delivery of 11.9 million documents from offshore companies obtained by the Consortium Investigative Journalists International (ICIJ). The leaked documents – most dated between 1996 and 2020 – come from 14 firms dedicated to incorporating and managing this type of business in tax havens. These include the Alemán, Cordero, Galindo & Lee (Alcogal) law firm, and the Overseas Management Corp. (OMC) law firm, both from Panama. In reaction to the ICIJ investigation, both companies stated that they are committed to compliance and that they act in accordance with laws and regulations.

The Pandora Papers reveal the financial secrets of 35 heads and former heads of state, more than 330 officials in more than 91 countries and territories, as well as fugitives, con artists, and murderers from around the world. It is the largest journalistic collaboration in history, with a team of more than 600 journalists from 150 media, led by ICIJ and including the CPI.

The leaked documents show how offshore entities have used some of these banking institutions to open accounts or transfer money.

Are these banks used in Puerto Rico to facilitate transactions between offshores, tax evasion or money laundering? The CPI asked Natalia Zequeira, Commissioner of Financial Institutions since January of this year.

“Doing business with‘ offshore ’companies is not illegal in itself. The vast majority of these companies are formed for legitimate purposes, among others, to hold shares or assets of other commercial entities, as well as to facilitate the transfers of assets and currencies ”, answered the lawyer.

She added that all financial entities in Puerto Rico are subject to different laws and regulations that include the obligation to report any suspicious transaction or activity that they identify. Failure to do so exposes the entity to sanctions and other penalties, Zequeira said.

 

Banks on Pandora Papers

In the case of XXXX, the CPI identified in the Pandora Papers Alcogal law firm documents related to the opening of accounts in this bank for the benefit of at least three offshore companies. XXXX did not respond to questions about their clients.

Another that appears in the Pandora Papers is XXXX, owned by Marcelino Bellosta Varady and Alejandra Bellosta Perea, according to a document presented to the Puerto Rico State Department.

Venezuelan businessman Carlos Marcelino José Bellosta Pallarés – Marcelino’s father – appears as a beneficiary of several offshore entities registered in the British Virgin Islands (BVI). At least three of them have bank accounts at XXXX, the leaked documents reveal.

According to the incorporator’s forms for registering companies, more than a dozen offshore entities, mostly from BVI, have bank accounts with XXXX.

XXXX assured the CPI that it is regulated by the OCIF and that it complies with all the laws and regulations that apply against money laundering and terrorism, among others. He said that he is continually working to improve his internal controls and that he has a bank officer who is dedicated exclusively to the compliance area.

XXXX did not answer questions from the CPI about the services it provides to the Venezuelan Bellosta family.

Marcelino has two brothers, Carlos José and Juan Manuel. Carlos José has had a decree of Act 22 since 2017 [now referred to as Act 60] and is listed as an official of Venequip Puerto Rico LLC, a supplier of equipment related to the energy industry. Juan Manuel manages several companies in Puerto Rico, including CH4 Systems, a technology provider with a decree of Act 20 since 2016 [now referred to as Act 60].

All these companies are registered at the same address as XXXX: Galería San Patricio B5 Calle Tabonuco, Suite 207-A, Guaynabo.

The Pandora Papers also mention Venezuelan Joan Manuel Fereira Rosillo, a businessman who received $2.2 million from the Brazilian company Odebrecht through his company Rote Energie, according to the multinational investigation into corruption Lava Jato.

According to a bank document on file with OMC, Fereira Rosillo maintains an account with XXXX Bank, a Puerto Rican IFE. [note that this is the third bank in Puerto Rico referenced in this article and not the same bank referenced above]

Agustín García Castilla serves as president of XXXX Bank, according to the bank’s website. García Castilla coincides with Fereira Rosillo in different companies in Florida and Panama, including one called XXXX Asset Holdings.

The CPI asked XXXX Bank if, according to the documents, it provides services to Fereira and if it owns the institution, but received no response. Fereira Rosillo, who also worked for the oil company PDVSA, is also listed with offshore companies in Aruba and the BVI.

[The section below refers to South Bank, which was closed by regulators in 2019. For more on this, click here (Spanish language only). For a list of current IFEs, click here. For a list of current IBEs, click here.] 

Another bank featured in the leak is South Bank International. According to a reference letter prepared by the Alcogal law firm, one of South Bank’s clients was Tag Bank S.A., an investment bank registered in Panama. This entity is in the process of voluntary liquidation according to its website. Last August, the Brazilian Eduardo Plass, president of TAG Bank, was accused and arrested in Brazil for tax evasion, in relation to Lava Jato.

In 2019, the FBI raided the offices of South Bank International in Guaynabo after a federal judge found probable cause for fraud and money laundering crimes. The OCIF canceled his license that same year, after the intervention.

 

The offshore dilemma

Owning offshore assets or using paper entities to do cross-border business is not illegal.

“There is a distinction to be made between reducing the payment of taxes and avoiding taxes. Reducing the payment of taxes is a goal of everyone who pays taxes. There are thousands of ways to reduce taxes legally. What should not be done is to evade taxes, “said Eduardo Colón, president of the Association of International Banks of Puerto Rico.

But many use this system to manage, move and often hide their fortunes, proof that not all people play by the same rules when complying with their tax liability. Governments lose more than $800 billion a year due to offshore business, according to the International Monetary Fund. They are also used for crimes such as tax evasion and money laundering, and it is a mechanism generally used by the rich and powerful.

Colón recalled the Panama Papers, the ICIJ investigation published in 2016 that exposed the complex and dark offshore financial system.

“One of the important things about world-class financial centers is that they have a strong structure from a regulatory point of view and are well regulated because if not, they can collapse very easily, as happened with Panama and the Panama Papers”, Colón told the CPI.

In Puerto Rico, international banks and financial entities are subject to US federal laws and regulations such as the Bank Secrecy Act, the USA Patriot Act, and the Know Your Customer rule, an international standard for obtaining detailed information about customers. Regulations of the Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) also apply.

But what different offshore forums and some of the banks themselves promote is the Common Reporting Standard, or CRS, of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, which requires participating countries to share tax information from their clients.

This also makes Puerto Rico an attractive option for those seeking privacy in their businesses.

 

Trouble with the law

In February 2019, the European Commission added Puerto Rico to a list of countries highly prone to tax crimes, but it was later removed at the request of the US Treasury Department.

The CPI identified half a dozen cases of international banks whose shareholders, directors or clients have faced problems with the law or have been singled out in journalistic investigations for irregularities in their businesses.

Uruguayan bankers Marcelo Gutiérrez and Juan Ignacio Cabrera established the XXXX in Puerto Rico in 2015. They obtained an account with the FED, which facilitated transactions in US dollars. Three years later, in 2018, Gutiérrez was accused by the Florida Federal Prosecutor’s Office along with a group of businessmen of laundering $1.2 billion from PDVSA through a bank in Puerto Rico.

Later, a group of Chinese investors acquired XXXX Bank in 2018 and changed their name to XXXX International Bank. The new owners of the IFE said in 2019 that they have nothing to do with XXXX’s operations or with Gutiérrez or Venezuela.

In 2019, the Federal Reserve System (FED) stopped the opening of accounts from these Puerto Rican banks due to their use as intermediaries for Venezuelan businessmen connected to the Government of that country. That same year, the offices of two international banks – XXXX and South Bank – were raided by the FBI as part of investigations related to money laundering.

Regarding the latter, Colón said that there are few cases like these on the island, that crimes occur even in the largest banks and it means that the sector works as it should.

He also recognized that “the worst thing that can happen to a financial center is that one or more of those that are operating, are operating on the fringes or outside the law and that is found.”

The Commissioner for Financial Institutions, Natalia Zequeira, said that the FED has already lifted the restriction on international banks, which are in the process of complying with a new guide from the federal agency.

In an interview with the CPI, she revealed that the OCIF currently audits 100% of the entities with Venezuelan capital in Puerto Rico.

Since she came to the office in January of this year, she said that she seeks a “culture of compliance.”

“I want people who know the system, not people who take their license and start playing at the bank here. I am not saying that it has happened, but simply that under this administration, there is no space for that, ” said Zequeira.

For her, Puerto Rico is not a tax haven either. But she acknowledges that initially there was a trend of small banks and financial entities with few assets or no banking experience.

“Before it was seen a lot that there was a person who maybe had a banking history in another jurisdiction, decided to set up a bank from scratch and what he had was a parent company with very few assets or an affiliate that were other personal assets of that individual. And little by little it became a bank for their family and friends, to have an account in dollars, because perhaps in an American bank they did not know how to open the account in dollars, or they could not because they did not have a passport or a Social Security number, among other things. Well, there was a [need or demand] for that type of institution, ” she said.

This type of entity is no longer endorsed, according to the commissioner. 

[In addition, the capital requirements have been greatly increased, pushing out small and undercapitalized banks. See: Puerto Rico Bank Capital Requirements.]

 

They ask to increase the tax rate

There are two corporate models for establishing these banks. Although they provide the same banking services and work the same when handling deposits, international banking entities (IBE) and international financial entities (IFE) are different in some areas. IBEs are 100% tax-exempt, while IFEs only pay 4% in income taxes and 0% in CRIM and other municipal taxes.

[The IBE law was in place from 1989 to 2012 and the IFE law replaced the IBE law in 2012. The first IFE banks became operational in 2013.]

 

 

Regarding the public policy of encouraging these international banks, the study commissioned by the Government of Puerto Rico recommends increasing the tax rate of these entities from 4% to 10%. Also the minimum number of jobs required by law, from four new jobs to 10.

James Hickman has had an IFE since 2017 called XXXX Bank. A “safe, transparent, and responsible” entity, according to his website. The former US military and investor also has a decree of Law 22 [now Act 60]. He shares his time between Puerto Rico and Chile, where he has an agricultural company of blueberries and walnuts. He writes under the pseudonym Simon Black and his articles talk about obtaining passports in tax havens and “optimizing” the payment of contributions. He also discussed how to move to Puerto Rico and receive tax benefits as he did.

In a podcast, Hickman cautions that this type of business is not for everyone. The person concerned must have “a substantial level of wealth,” he says. Having a bank on the island requires more than half a million dollars in capital to operate. Still, Puerto Rico is one of the cheapest and most attractive jurisdictions to do so. 

[$5 million is more realistic in 2021 and going forward].

At one point, Hickman recalls that a federal agency asked for changes to its corporate structure to be in compliance. But still, having a bank in Puerto Rico has been beneficial for him and his business, he says.

“I was actually pleasantly surprised at the amount of business that started coming to me just because people found out that I had a bank. People were saying, ‘Oh, now James has a bank. We’re going to call him and see if he wants to do this business, ‘” he said.

According to a document in the Puerto Rico Registry of Corporations, the XXXX Bank Board of Directors includes Gligor Tashkovich, former Minister of Foreign Investments of Macedonia. In 2020, in a lawsuit filed by the New York City Attorney’s Office against a supplier of anti-COVID masks, Tashkovich was named in a fraudulent sale to New York City. His attorney told The New York Times that his client did not participate in any fraudulent scheme and that he cooperated with authorities.

Carmen Szendrey, chief executive of XXXX Bank, told the CPI that the bank is subject to independent audits and that it invests money to ensure that “our institution does not serve as an instrument for criminal entities.”

On Tashkovich, she indicated that he is a “valued member of our Board” and that he has never been charged with any crime.

The executive did not answer whether Hickman continues to own the institution.

 

Eight OCIF employees to supervise 85 banks

OCIF’s 70 employees sit on the sixth floor of the Centro Europa building. The glossy dark wood furniture, the gold frames with black and white photos, the wine-colored cushioned chairs, take the mind back to the 80s. The most technological thing that there is at first glance is the machine that takes the temperature in times of COVID. From here the banks are audited.

“This year we requested an additional $1.2 million [of the operational budget] they granted us. That additional $1.2 million was divided into two priority projects that the Office has. One of them is a new system for the registry of securities because the operating systems of this office are from the 90s,” said Zequeira.

The second project he is proposing to do with the $1.2 million is to recruit more examiners. Currently, only eight OCIF employees are in charge of supervising the 85 financial institutions in Puerto Rico.

“While my examiners are with the FDIC seeing First Bank or Banco Popular with the Federal Reserve, at the same time they are running parallel on four or five exams to international institutions,” said Zequeira.

These people’s pay also stayed in the 1990s. Each examiner earns $24,000 annually and is required to have a bachelor’s degree in accounting or finance. It is not difficult to conclude that it’s an uphill battle for OCIF to ensure that all of these entities comply with the standards and the law.

The agency has never revoked a license after it was issued. Prior to 2017, there is no evidence of a single sanction issued against any IFE in Puerto Rico. Since then, OCIF has imposed 63 fines totaling $439,400. 

[What? This article notes that South Bank’s license was revoked in 2019. I’m aware of two other licenses that were revoked and the chart above shows canceled licenses by year. Also, when a bank is in trouble, regulators will force them to sell and only cancel the license as a last resort. For a list of current IFEs, click here. For a list of current IBEs, click here.]

 

Financial and banking entities of all colors

The main banks with a historical presence on the Island have had IBE subsidiaries, including Banco Popular, Firstbank, Citi, Oriental, and UBS. But in addition to these financial institutions, there are other lesser-known faces in this industry. The multinationals General Electric (1996-present), GlaxoSmithKline (1998-2008), and Wyeth (2004-2010) have had IBEs in Puerto Rico, according to OCIF data. General Electric is the only one that still has an active IBE. OCIF indicated that it provides financing services for the purchase of household goods from people outside of Puerto Rico.

In the case of IFEs, the law allows them to do much more than an international bank. The list of activities allowed under IFE is extensive and flexible: investment management, financial advisory, real estate, metal buying, and selling, usurious loans [what??], insurance, and cryptocurrencies.

The first two IFEs established in Puerto Rico – PR Asset Portfolio 2013-1 International, LLC and PR Asset Portfolio Servicing International, LLC – are dedicated to the sale of delinquent loans in the real estate sector. Both belong to the same company, Caribbean Property Group (CPG), one of the main investors in Dorado Beach Ritz Reserve and Paseo Caribe. It also has three hotels and a corporate complex in Costa Rica.

Other IFEs in the same line of business include Blackheath, a subsidiary of the Blackstone Group, who owned the Ritz Carlton hotel in Isla Verde, VRM, owned by businessman Rafael Rojo Montilla, and Blue Water, registered under Jim Taubenfeld, owner of Me Salvé.

Between 2013 and 2018, OCIF issued 58 IFE licenses. And in just two years, 2017 and 2018, it approved 24 applications. Then the volume fell dramatically: in the last two years, only four licenses have been granted.

“I have seen a change in OCIF and the first specific change is the rigor they apply to applications for an IFE. At one point, many licenses were approved in a short period of time, ”said Colón.

Zequeira attributed the decrease to recent changes in tax rates that came into effect under the new 2019 Incentive Code and that apply prospectively.

In nearly 10 years, OCIF has only denied eight IFE requests, according to data provided by the agency. [Because they give unworthy applicants the choice to withdraw their application.]

There are also those who, despite obtaining their license, gave up on the idea.

In February 2014, Venezuelan David Brillembourg Capriles registered an international bank in Puerto Rico under the name Brilla Bank International LLC. It never complied with the annual reporting requirement and the State Department canceled the entity in December 2018. IFE’s license was canceled in 2016.

Brilla Bank also obtained a license on the island of Dominica, but it was revoked in 2017.

Asked by the CPI, Brillembourg Capriles said that he intended to open an investment bank in Puerto Rico, but that he never operated. Since 2018, he has a decree of Law 22 that exempts foreigners residing on the Island from contributions. He is also the developer of Loopland, a tourist-residential project for millennials in the old Roosevelt Roads naval base in Fajardo.

The Pandora Papers place the businessman as director of STG SA, a public limited company in Panama. Although the entity remains in force and appoints him as president, Brillembourg Capriles assured that he has not maintained any business in Panama for more than 10 years.

Brillembourg Capriles is also listed with offshore companies in Barbados, according to the Paradise Papers investigation. In 2017, he was sued by Luis Benshimol, who alleged that he created an “elaborate shell game” by using money from a hotel sale for his personal benefit. Brillembourg Capriles denied the complaint and the claim was dismissed for lack of jurisdiction.

Belize in the Pandora Papers

There’s been quite a bit of noise about the little country of Belize in the Pandora Papers. Yes, the Pandora Papers found 3 or 4 people using the offshore jurisdiction of Belize for illegal purposes, but what of the tens of thousands that set up in Belize for the right reasons? Here’s what you need to know about Belize in the Pandora Papers.

The article I am taking from is from the very far left investigative “journalists” at the Washington Post. The headline reads: ROGUE AMERICANS STASHED ASSETS OFFSHORE, ELUDING VICTIMS AND IMPEDING INVESTIGATORS… and this is all most will read. 99% of the population has no idea what’s legal and what’s not. You can read it here for yourself.

The review of Belize in the Pandora Papers apparently found an alleged murderer, a mob associate, and a child sex offender with offshore structures in Belize. How much, if any money was involved, we have no idea. 

The alleged murder is Robert Durst, a famous case where he basically admitted to the murder on a hot mike while filming an HBO movie, The Jinx, Life and Times of Robert Durst. When the Pandora Papers were published about Belize, Mr. Durst had not been convicted. He has since been convicted of murder and sentenced to life in prison. At the time of this article, he’s contracted Covid, is on a ventilator, and his prospects look grim.

The review of Belize in the Pandora Papers also found one person using a Belize company to sell unapproved drugs over the internet and one that was charged with tax fraud (using a Belize Trust to hide money from the IRS). Obviously, selling drugs online from any country is a crime.

My favorite quote from the article is this: “Efforts to find and seize assets sheltered abroad are often hamstrung by uncooperative providers of offshore services, and by treaties on information sharing that can produce outdated or limited information, according to a dozen former prosecutors and investigators who spoke to The Post and the ICIJ.

Some foreign governments are simply reluctant to help, they said.

Is this meant as an indictment for Belize in the Pandora Papers? There are many situations in life where privacy and asset protection are both legal and advisable. And, clearly, even in the eyes of a very biased writer, Belize is doing its job as advertised.

So, what’s legal and what’s not when it comes to offshore structures? What did Belize in the Pandora Papers get right and what did they get wrong? 

Note that this article is written from the point of view of an American person who must pay US tax on their worldwide income. We’re just about the only country where this is the case, and thus the offshore world views us very differently than it does the rest of the world. 

One thing the article gets wrong, sadly, is that it’s legal to use offshore structures to reduce your taxes. This is nearly always incorrect… especially after Trump’s tax plan eliminated our ability to hold business profits abroad tax-deferred, only paying US tax when the money comes into the United States.

In 2021, unless you’re a multinational company, there are really no more offshore tax shelters available. Those days are gone for average Americans, and very limited for large corporations. I speak to people every day hoping to find tax relief abroad, only to burst their bubble. 

To be clear: hiding money offshore out of reach of the IRS is not “tax planning.” This is a crime and you’re just hoping you don’t get caught. Yes, there are some who try to cheat the system, but it’s getting more and more difficult, and the penalties for getting caught are severe. 

Now some good news. It’s perfectly legal to protect your assets in Belize with an offshore trust or corporation. A trust allows you to determine how those assets are invested and distributed upon your death. A corporation, on the other hand, is meant to operate a business abroad and protect the assets of an active and operating business. 

An offshore trust will hold your after-tax money. You’ll transfer your savings, after paying Uncle Sam, to the trust to protect it from future civil creditors. There are three important words in the proceeding sentence: 1) future, 2) civil, and 3) creditors. 

A future creditor is one that you did not know of at the time you funded the trust. That is to say, you set up a trust well before having the problem. You did not have any reasonable expectation that the person coming after you would sue you.

The easiest way to express this is as follows: let’s say you cause a car accident today and injure someone. If you fund a trust tomorrow, then that trust is possibly invalid, at least with respect to the accident victim. 

But, if you create and fund a trust today, and have an accident tomorrow, the trust will be respected and will protect your assets. You had no reason to expect the harm and legal case to arise when you wired money abroad. 

Most cases are not as black and white as a car accident. So, we prefer that you create and fund a trust at least 12 months before any claim arises. This is the best-case scenario and allows you maximum protection. 

Next, the Belize trust is designed to protect you from civil creditors only. It is not meant to protect your assets from or hide them from the IRS or SEC (for example). As the government can seize your most valuable asset (your freedom by putting you in jail), an offshore trust will not protect you when you’re under that type of duress. So, unless you’re willing to stand up to the government, and presumably leave the United States, pay your taxes and use the trust in Belize to protect your after-tax assets from civil creditors.

Finally, a trust in Belize will protect your assets from legal creditors. The only way someone can get to your assets in Belize is to bring a case in Belize. They must hire a local attorney, pay that lawyer (no contingency fees), and win in a Belize court. Without a court order from Belize, and, again, assuming it’s not the US government, the person coming after you will get nothing.

So, as the article on Belize in the Paradise Papers implied or proved, Belize is an excellent offshore jurisdiction to form an offshore company or trust. For more information on setting up an offshore structure in Belize, please contact me at info@premieroffshore.com.

Where to Live in Tijuana

In this post, I’ll consider where to live in Tijuana. I assume you’re an American that’s looking for a change of pace, or you’ve set up a business in Tijuana to leverage the lower cost of labor. With that in mind, here is where I suggest you live in Tijuana.

By way of background, I’m an American whose lived in Tijuana for the last 4 years. I’ve also lived in Puerto Rico, Panama, and the Dominican Republic. I hale from San Diego, California. While it took over a year to get used to, I now say Tijuana is my favorite city. 

For more of a business focus, check out this post: Where Should I Hire Offshore Employees

To be upfront, the cost of living is not that low in Tijuana. If you want to live well, then it’s going to cost because there are so many executives and others doing the same. 

We have an expression in this business: your cost of living goes down the further you get from the United States. Tijuana is a 20-minute drive from Downtown San Diego. And, the fact that you can walk or drive across the border is a great benefit which makes life and business so much easier. 

But, this comes at a cost. While restaurants are about half the price of San Diego for the same quality, you should expect to spend $1,500 to $3,000 a month for housing. I’m currently paying $2,500 a month for a two bedroom a great building with spectacular views. 

 

So, where should you live in Tijuana as an American? 

Let’s first narrow down the options by sticking to the areas of the town which are safe and popular for gringos and expats. Those would be New City, a development near the border crossing, and the areas of La Cacho, Rio, Chapultepec (this is a large area and I’m focused on the section in front of and behind the golf course), near the sports stadium (Las Palmas or Hipodromo), and two or three buildings in downtown.

The majority of expats and executives live in New City. This is a 4 building complex that just got one of the best food courts in the city. It’s a safe place to be and gives you easy access to the US border by foot or car. For more, see New City.

 

New City

 

While I’ve visited New City many times, and think about moving there each year, I can’t bring myself to do it. I think the prices are a bit high for what you get and I moved to Tijuana to live in Tijuana. When you live in New City, you’re living in an expat community on the border.

While I’m certainly in the minority on this point, New city is just not for me. To many expats and not enough local flavor, But, if you’re new to living outside of the United States, and you don’t speak Spanish, this might be the place to begin your journey.

My favorite part of town is La Cacho. It’s a 25-minute walk to downtown, a 35-minute walk to the border crossing at PedWest, and a much quieter area with less traffic than Rio and Chapultepec. The buildings I recommend are Cosmopolitan Residence, Highpoint Living, Arboleda Residence (with an excellent outdoor social area), Condos Angular, and ICON. 

 

Angular

 

I live in Cacho because it’s very safe and walkable. The most walkable buildings listed above (those closest to restaurants) are Cosmopolitan and Angular. The restaurants in the area are excellent and it doesn’t get so crazy busy as the places in downtown and Chapultepec. Of course, the type of people in La Cacho and Chapultepec are VERY different from those downtown.

If you’re on a budget, you might consider the Eazy Living locations in Rio and downtown. When I first came to Tijuana, I spent a year in Eazy Living (yes, spelled correctly) downtown. I went with this location for the low price as I was splitting my time between San Diego and wasn’t sure I wanted to commit full time to Tijuana. 

If you want to be downtown, you might also consider Siete by Cosmopolitan, Edificio Revolución 1764, and LOFT Revolución.

In front of and behind the golf course, there are many safe and gringo friendly apartment buildings. If I were to live in that area, I would go for a building near the main street as walking from behind the golf course is quite a hike. 

 

Revolución 1764

 

My suggested buildings in this area are Greenview (older building but a classy crowd), Sayan Campestre (the newest and fanciest tower in Tijuana with apartments well over $1 million USD), Life by Cosmopolitan, and, moving just past the golf course, Link Residencial and Adamant Hipodromo. 

 

Link Residencial

 

In Rio, the most interesting project is Cosmopolitan City Center, scheduled to be completed in 2023. In the meantime, I recommend the following buildings in Rio and along the main street, Agua Caliente. 

 

Eazy Living

Highpoint

Arboleda Residencial

Icon

 

I hope you’ve found this guild on where to live in Tijuana to be helpful. You might also take a read through this post on how to select a city for a call center and where to set up a call center for an international bank.  Both recommend Tijuana and Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.

For more information on setting up a business in Tijuana or the Dominican Republic, please contact me at info@premieroffshore.com

 

Pandora Papers from an Offshore Expert’s Point of View

The Pandora Papers are all over the news these days. But, how about a fair review of the Pandora Papers by someone who actually understands the offshore industry? Here is a summary of the Pandora Papers by an offshore expert.

The Pandora Papers is a trove of stolen documents that include Trident Trust’s USA group, as well as several different offshore providers. The largest of these again is Trident Trust with well over 3 million records being released. 

The Pandora Papers include more than 11.9 million records for a total of 2.97 terabytes of data from 14 different incorporation firms. These files provided information on people from 200 countries including more than 330 politicians and 130 Forbes billionaires, and several celebrities. 

The documents included information on the beneficial owners of offshore and onshore structures as well as their nominees, agents, shareholders, directors, and officers. Most of the structures were from the BVI, Cyprus, Seychelles, Hong Kong, Belize, Panama, and South Dakota. 

While there were some files going back to the 1970s (from the Panama law firm of Alemán, Cordero, Galindo & Lee), most of the documents were from 1996 to 2020. They cover the formation of all types of structures, including holding companies, corporations, LLCs, trusts, and foundations.

As those of us in the industry know, many of the trusts and tax shelters are held right here in the United States. 81 of the largest trusts were in the Trident Trust offices in South Dakota. In addition, there were 37 trusts in Florida, 35 in Delaware, 24 in Texas, and 14 in Nevada. 

Tying the Pandora Papers back to the Panama Papers, it was found that over 500 BVI companies and 130 Panama structures left the embattled law firm of Mossack Fonseca. These companies, and probably many others, changed their registered agent or moved jurisdictions. 

The problem with the Pandora Papers and all “investigations” of this type, is that they are being conducted by left-leaning journalists and are incredibly biased. They see crime and tax fraud simply because someone wanted privacy in their financial dealings. They have no idea what these people reported on their tax forms, or what is legal or illegal in the 200 countries represented in this data dump.

These reporters assume someone is guilty until proven innocent… and this allows them to publish stolen information, causing financial and other harm without cause. And, along the same lines, what happened to not using the fruit of a poisoned tree? 

We see their intent in this quote from senior ICIJ reporter Will Fitzgibbon on NPR. “These are secretive, confidential documents from offshore tax havens and offshore specialists who work to help rich, powerful, and sometimes criminal individuals create shell companies or trusts in a way that often helps either obscure assets or in some cases even help avoid paying taxes.” 

This is an obvious attempt to paint the offshore industry as sinister tax cheats. We all have “confidential” documents we don’t want to be released, such as our tax returns. And there are many legitimate reasons to set up an offshore structure. 

Ok, I will get off my soapbox and attempt to be a little more professional (not my strong suit). It would be easier if these “investigators” approached the Pandora Papers with the assumption of innocence rather than an assumption of guilt. Isn’t that a founding principle of this country?

One article from the Pandora Papers was on Trident Trust’s activity in the United States. Those of us in the offshore industry have said for years that the US is the greatest offshore tax shelter in the world for everyone but Americans. Have a read through: Suspect foreign money flows into booming American tax havens on promise of eternal secrecy. But, again, read with an eye on how biased the verbiage is. 

My experience is in helping American’s set up compliant structures offshore. I’ll leave the foreign nationals coming into the United States to the large law firms that specialize in this area. 

There are many legitimate uses of offshore companies, LLCs, trusts, foundations, and other structures by United States persons. So long as you file the necessary forms and pay your taxes, there’s nothing wrong or nefarious with privacy, asset protection, and investing abroad. 

In fact, the most popular offshore structure for 2021 is focused on investing abroad. The Offshore IRA LLC is the number one seller in most offshore experts’ basket of products. This is also the most compliant and low-risk way to go offshore.

Americans have a significant portion of their savings in an IRA, Roth IRA, or defined benefit plan. Many are content to invest that in US stocks, treasuries, and/or in a managed portfolio. But, thousands are looking to take this cash out of the United States and invest in real estate or just about anything they wish abroad. This is especially true of Americans who spend all of their time, or some of their time, living in a foreign country. 

Then there are the offshore trusts which can help an American protect his or her assets from future creditors. If you’re in a high-risk industry or business, you might wish to put some cash aside in case things go sideways. So long as you do this well in advance of having an issue, and file all necessary IRS forms, your structure will be respected. 

And, finally, there are many reasons why a US person might need an offshore company. For example, if they are to invest in certain foreign funds, or own a business operated abroad. You might do this through a BVI company or some other tax-efficient jurisdiction. At the end of the day, these offshore companies don’t usually provide a US tax benefit, but they are still required for the investment or business opportunity. They are formed in a zero-tax jurisdiction such as the BVI because you don’t want to pay taxes in your country of incorporation. 

I hope this article has been helpful. For more information on forming a compliant offshore company, IRA LLC, or trust, please contact me at info@premieroffshore.com. I’ll be happy to assist you to set up in a legal manner. 

Puerto Rico’s Act 60

If you operate a successful and portable business, you might consider relocating to Puerto Rico for the tax benefits under Act 60. This article will consider Puerto Rico’s Act 60 and how it might benefit you, the US entrepreneur operating a business that can be relocated. 

The three criteria for Puerto Rico’s Act 60 are: 

  1. You are a US person. That means a US citizen, green card holder, or another legal resident of the United States who pays US tax on their business income. It’s possible to immigrate to the US under an EB-5 visa (for example) and set up a business in Puerto Rico, but that’s beyond the scope of this article.
  2. Your business is successful. In the case of Puerto Rico’s Act 60, a successful business is one that nets more than $300,000 to $500,000. I will look at this in detail below. 

  3. You operate a qualifying portable business. A portable business is an operation that can be moved from the United States to Puerto Rico. Thus, it is typically one that is not dependent upon a large number of employees in the US. A qualifying business is basically one that provides services from Puerto Rico to persons and/or companies outside of Puerto Rico. I will also consider this in detail below. 

 

Puerto Rico’s Act 60: A Successful Business 

There is nothing in the law that defines what a successful business is. So, the purpose of this section is to suggest when it’s tax-efficient to use Puerto Rico’s Act 60. As your income increases, the tax savings increases significantly. Here’s why: 

When you move a business to Puerto Rico and use Act 60, you must pay yourself a base salary which is taxed at ordinary rates. A base salary is usually $50,000 to $100,000 depending on your gross income. 

After your salary, the net profits of your business are taxed at 4%. That’s to say, the tax benefits of Puerto Rico’s Act 60 apply to your net profits after you take a reasonable salary.

So, if you net $100,000, and you pay ordinary tax on $50,000, the 4% rate applies to the remaining $50,000 only. Plus, you might have trouble justifying a salary of only $50,000. 

If you were to move this same business outside of the United States, and into a foreign country, you could use the Foreign Earned Income Exclusion (FEIE) to eliminate 100% of your US tax. For the tax year 2021, the FEIE is $108,700, so a qualifying entrepreneur making less than this in 2021 pays zero tax to the United States. 

Likewise, if a husband and wife operate a business, live abroad, and both qualify for the FEIE, they can earn over $200,000 tax-free. So, the FEIE is the best option for anyone making $100,000 single or $200,000 married. It might be close, but a single person making $200,000 a year may pay more tax in Puerto Rico than they would abroad… and their operating expenses would certainly be higher than in a low-cost country. 

A single person making $500,000 or above clearly pays less tax in Puerto Rico. Between $200,000 to $500,000 can depend on your circumstances. Here’s the calculation on $500,000 in net income assuming a US rate of 35% and an ordinary rate of 30% in Puerto Rico. This calculation does not account for any state tax, which is also eliminated in moving to Puerto Rico.

Puerto Rico’s Act 60: 30% tax on first $100,000 = $30,000 and 4% of $400,000 = $16,000, for a total tax of $46,000. 

Foreign Earned Income Exclusion: 0% tax on first $100,000 and 35% tax on $400,000 = $140,000. This assumes you’re using an offshore company and thus not subject to Self Employment Tax in the United States. 

Therefore, I recommend business owners taking home $100,000 to $200,000 will benefit from living abroad. Then, when you grow the business to $300,000 to $500,000, they should move to Puerto Rico under Act 60. 

The exception to this is someone with significant capital gains. You pay 0% tax on capital gains on assets acquired AFTER you move to Puerto Rico. No, you can’t have bought crypto back in the day, move to Puerto Rico for a year, and take the tax break. 

But, if you’re day trading or otherwise have capital gains on recently acquired assets, Puerto Rico’s Act 60 might be a benefit to you no matter your net business income. 

Editors Note: The current tax deal in Puerto Rico is Act 60. Prior to 2019, it was referred to Act 20 for businesses and Act 22 for individuals and capital gains. So, when you research this matter in 2021 and 2022, look for articles on Act 60. 

For more on this topic, see: Foreign Earned Income Exclusion or Puerto Rico Tax Deal?

 

Act 60: Qualifying Business

The basic idea behind Puerto Rico’s Act 60 is to bring high net worth individuals and quality jobs to the island. These businesses should not compete with existing businesses, thus a qualifying business is one that provides services to people and companies outside of Puerto Rico.

According to Act 60, the following services qualify for the tax exemption: 

  • Advertising and Internet Marketing, which is the most popular of the export services
  • Call Centers, which has not really taken off, but call center management where you have your employees in a low-cost country is popular. See Where to Hire Employees
  • Consulting, which is the broadest of the available categories
  • Business Management and Corporate Headquarters
  • Creative Industries (design, art, music, publications, development of apps and video games, creative education)
  • Software Development
  • Distribution of Software,
  • Income from Licensing or Subscription Services.
  • Education Services and Training Performed Online 
  • Electronic Data Processing Centers
  • Engineering, Architecture, Project Management
  • Hospital and Laboratory Services, including Telemedicine
  • Investment Banking and other Financial Services (including advisory and broker-dealer operations performed from Puerto Rico)
  • Marketing Centers
  • Professional Services (law and accounting)
  • Research and Development
  • Shared Service Centers
    • Assembly, Bottling, and Packaging of Products for Export
    • Commercial and Mercantile Distribution of Products Manufactured in P.R.
    • Commissions on the Sale of Products to Customers outside P.R.
    • Purchase of Products for Resale to Customers outside P.R.
    • Sale of Intangible Products to Customers outside P.R.
    • Storage and Distribution CentersVoice and Data Telecommunications

      Act 60 also includes a section for manufacturing. Among the eligible Export Commerce activities are the following:

    In addition, Puerto Rico offers a free trade zone for import and export. For more on this, see Free Trade Zone #61

    Finally, Puerto Rico offers an international banking license with a 4% rate under Act 273. For more on this see Start a Bank in Puerto Rico in 10 Steps. Considering the tax rate, and the fact that there is no tax or withholding tax on dividends, Act 273 is basically Act 60 for banks.


    Act 60: How is this Legal?

    I’m often asked, how is Act 60 legal? I’ve always heard that US citizens are taxed on their worldwide income no matter where they live.

    Yes, that’s true…and the only exception to this in the entire world are the US territories. And, Puerto Rico is the only territory with a significant tax deal, so Act 60 is literally the only option for Americans looking to save on their taxes when the FEIE is not sufficient. 

    Section 933 of the US tax code states that income earned by bonafide residents of Puerto Rico, which is earned in Puerto Rico, is exempted from US tax. Money is earned in Puerto Rico if it is generated by the work you perform on the island.

    Thus, Puerto Rico is free to make whatever tax laws it likes. The territory can offer new residents a 4% rate on export services and a 0% rate on capital gains on assets acquired after you become a bonafide resident. 

    A bonafide resident is someone that moves out of the United States and to Puerto Rico for the foreseeable future. You should spend at least 183 days a year on the island and make it your home base. You should also purchase a home, which will be your primary residence, within two years of moving to Puerto Rico.


    Act 60: Requirements to Maintain the Tax Decree

    There are three primary requirements to maintain your Act 60 tax decree once it’s granted. These are: 

    1. Make an annual donation of $10,000 to a local nonprofit or charity. This is usually a 501(c)(3) charity and can’t be one that you own or control. Note that the donation must be to a nonprofit in Puerto Rico. At least 50% of this donation must go to a charity that works to stop child poverty. 

    1. You need to buy a home within 2 years of receiving your tax decree. This home must be your primary residence and must be in your name or in the name of you and your spouse. The purpose here is that you really must commit to Puerto Rico and make it your primary home within 2 years of getting your tax deal.

    1. File an annual report and pay a fee of $5,000 per year. 

    Conclusion

    I hope you’ve found this article helpful. For more information on filing for Puerto Rico’s Act 60, please contact me at info@premieroffshore.com. I will be happy to work with you to negotiate your tax deal and compare the savings to the FEIE. 

Puerto Rico Bank Capital Requirements

In this post, I’ll review the Tier 1 capital you should have at the ready before filing an application for a new bank license, or before attempting to purchase a bank, in the US territory of Puerto Rico. That is, I will consider the Puerto Rico bank capital requirements for 2022 and not the misinformation floating around the internet. 

The reason I’m writing this article is that there is a great deal of false information on the web and many scammers promoting banks in Puerto Rico and elsewhere that have no idea what they’re doing. Agents promising low capital requirements and quick approvals are everywhere online and are giving the industry a bad name with their BS. 

The reality is very different from the hype. The market in Puerto Rico is competitive. Only the best capitalized and the best equipped to operate a compliant bank will be approved for a bank license in Puerto Rico

There was a time when it was easy to get a bank license in Puerto Rico. And, when that was the case, I wrote articles such as Lowest Cost Offshore Bank License is Puerto Rico. This was true in 2016 and before. But, this is absolutely not the case today and in 2022. Puerto Rico is the most difficult of the offshore bank licenses to get. 

Back in the day, you could set up a bank with only $550,000 in Tier 1 capital, the lowest in the industry and the minimum amount written into the law (Act 273). Several banks were licensed in Puerto Rico with this level of capital. 

  • Tier 1 capital is the amount of paid-in capital or the amount of money to be deposited into your corporate bank account when the license is issued. It does not include capital to be maintained to support your deposits, which is usually about 8.5% to 20%. 
  • At the time, from 2014 to 2016, the lowest requirement of a competing jurisdiction in the Caribbean was $1m to $1.5m.
  • Competing jurisdictions include the likes of St. Lucia, Dominica, and the Cayman Islands. I don’t include scam jurisdictions like Comoros. For more, see: Scams in the Offshore Bank License Market

And, what happened to many of these undercapitalized banks? They didn’t have enough money to grow the business, to keep up with their compliance obligations, to hire quality staff, etc. So, they were forced to sell or are just sitting around doing nothing. While most have sold,  there are one or two of these banks still holding on hoping for a big valuation or a purchase.

For example, as stated above, a bank must have Tier 2 capital of about 8.5% to 20% (see Section 4 of Act 273). Undercapitalized banks have trouble accepting large deposits because they don’t have sufficient capital to support large clients. Thus, they also have trouble making a profit in an industry with high capital requirements and which relies on high dollar clients to make a profit.

As the industry in Puerto Rico grew, and the demand for these licenses increased, regulators were able to increase the Tier 1 capital requirement (the amount of money you should have ready when you apply for a license). There are about 50 applications pending today, and only the very best of these will be approved. And, keep in mind that the law lists the minimum capital allowed, but regulators can require whatever amount they wish. 

I suggest that a new applicant should have between $2.5m and $5m in Tier 1 capital available when they file for a new banking license in Puerto Rico. The ultimate amount will depend on your business model and how much backup capital you can show to regulators. Of course, the more Tier 1 capital you have available, the better your application will look.

Another way to look at it is: 

1) Regulators want to see enough cash to carry the bank through startup and at least 2 years of operations. That is to say, you should have the amount required to build out the business and cover all expenses, including quality employees, for 24 months. 

2) Regulators also want to see enough available and liquid cash from the investment group to support the Tier 2 capital requirements and cover the bank’s burn rate during an economic downturn. If you don’t hit your numbers, does the owner or owners have enough liquid cash to ensure the continuation of the bank? If you grow, how is your capital ratio?

Note that a great deal of effort will go into proving that the investment group has the capital as described above and the source of those funds. You must prove the origin of the money that goes into the bank and the source can’t be from a loan… the funds must belong free and clear to the investor or investment group.

As stated herein, regulators will focus on liquid assets. They will ignore assets such as real estate and your home, as these can’t be easily converted into cash to support your international bank should it run into issues. They are looking at the capital you have available and which you might add to the project if necessary.

Each investor, shareholder, director, officer, and key person will need to provide 3 years of audited financial statements. These audited reports are meant to show where your wealth came from and that you have enough liquid cash to support the operation of a bank in Puerto Rico.

Likewise, if a corporation is the owner of the bank, both the corporation and the shareholders of that corporation must provide 3 years of US GAAP-compliant audited financial statements. If the company has many shareholders, the top ownership group and the promoter must provide this information.

For more information on applying for a bank license in Puerto Rico, see Start a Bank in Puerto Rico in 10 Steps and How to Set up an Offshore Bank in 2022.

I hope you’ve found this article on the Puerto Rico Bank Capital Requirements to be helpful. If anyone tells you that they can get you a license in the Territory with $550,000, or in less than 12 months, they are lying or have not filed an application in many years. For more information on setting up a bank in Puerto Rico, please contact me at info@premieroffshore.com